A comparative study on hydrostatic pressure response of sensors based on N-doped, B-doped and undoped carbon-sphere poly (vinyl alcohol) composites

We determine the conductance and capacitance sensitivity of simple hydrostatic pressure sensors based on carbon sphere (undoped, N-doped and B-doped)—poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films deposited onto interdigitated electrodes. We observe that the use of doped carbon spheres results in increased sensitivity variation with respect to pressure when compared to undoped ones, in a range near to atmospheric pressure. For higher pressures of ca. 200?kPa, however, the conductance and capacitance sensitivity of sensors based on undoped carbon spheres is significantly higher, due to a superlinear dependence of both sensitivities on pressure.     

Amino terminated copoly(ethersulphone)s bearing biphenylenic units in the backbone: Synthesis and characterization

The present project is based on the synthesis of new essentially amino-ended copoly(ether sulphone)s which are characterized by the presence of rigid biphenyl units in the main chain. All the compounds have been fully characterized by (¹H and ¹³C) NMR, FTIR, and MALDI-TOF MS techniques. Complete assignments of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra have been accomplished by comparison with model compounds and literature data. The thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The glass transition temperature of the copolymers increases as increasing the molar composition of ethere sulphone units containing biphenyl moiety. The copolymers synthesized might find application as reactive toughening agents for multifunctional epoxy resins when high thermal properties are a requirement.     

淬火-配分(Q-P)热处理对18Cr2Ni4W钢渗碳层组织和硬度的影响

采用渗碳处理与Q-P（淬火-配分）热处理工艺相结合的方法,通过箱式炉固体渗碳、Q-P热处理、金相、显微硬度测试等对18Cr2Ni4W钢的微观组织和硬度进行研究。结果表明,渗碳处理后渗层附近的晶粒显著粗化,由于碳含量显著增加导致出现较大的块状或网状碳化物。经过Q-P处理后,渗层中分布着细小、弥散分布的碳化物,晶粒显著细化。对比渗碳和淬火-配分处理的硬度分布曲线,可以发现硬度分布是呈现先升高,然后下降的趋势。其中配分温20 min的渗层的硬度显著提高,最高硬度为1108 HV0.1     

交流系统发生不对称故障时直流系统的数字仿真模型

应用布尔代数的理论方法，建立了适合于交流系统发生不对称故障时暂态稳定计算的直流系统仿真模型，该模型根据三相换相电压及相应的换流桥的阀状态，推导了直接计算阀电压、阀电流等电量的计算公式，得出了换流桥的等值电路，从而加快了仿真计算的速度，避免了传统的求解微分方程的过程，并给出了相应的仿真结果。     

Synthesis and Thermal Characterization of Some Novel ABA Block Copolymers

The synthesis of some novel ABA block copolymers is reported. The block A is a PPO while the block B is a random copoly(aryl ether sulfone), synthesized with three different molecular weights. The block copolymers were obtained by a two step procedure consisting on the functionalization of the random copoly(aryl ether sulfone) followed by a condensation with PPO. Spectroscopic techniques (¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR) were used to characterize the polymers obtained from each step. The NMR data proved the complete conversion of amino groups after the first reaction step and gave some useful insights on the completion of the second step. Copolymer formation is supported by a comparison of the thermal behavior of the block copolymers with respect to the physical blends of the two homopolymers. DSC and DMA analyses showed double glass transitions for the physical blends which could be related to the immiscibility of the two homopolymers, while, in contrast, the block copolymer showed single glass transition. Blends of ABA triblock copolymer/PPO and of ABA triblock/copoly(arylen ether sulfone)s were also prepared. These blends, tested by DSC, showed a good level of compatibility of the ABA copolymer with its singular constituents.

     

Genetic merit for fertility traits in Holstein cows: VI. Oocyte developmental competence and embryo development

The hypothesis of this study was that cows with good genetic merit for fertility traits (Fert+) would produce oocytes and embryos of greater quality than cows with poor genetic merit for fertility traits (Fert?) and that mRNA expression of candidate genes would reflect the observed differences in quality. The aim of the study, therefore, was to determine the effect of genetic merit for fertility traits on morphological classification and mRNA abundance of key genes in immature oocytes and cumulus cells following ovum pick-up and in embryos following superovulation, artificial insemination (AI), and uterine flushing. In experiment 1, 17 Fert+ and 11 Fert? cows, ranging from 54 to 84 d in milk, were submitted to ovum pick-up on 4 occasions during a 2-wk period. Recovered cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were morphologically graded. Oocytes and cumulus cells were separated, and mRNA abundance of genes associated with oocyte developmental competence was measured. There was no effect of genotype on the distribution of COC grades or on the mRNA abundance of the candidate genes in grade 1 COC. In experiment 2, 20 Fert+ and 19 Fert? cows, ranging from 71 to 189 d in milk, were submitted to superovulation and AI. The uteri of cows that responded to the superovulation protocol (17 Fert+ and 16 Fert? cows) were nonsurgically flushed 7 d postovulation. Recovered embryos were morphologically graded, and mRNA abundance of genes associated with embryo development was measured in grade 1 blastocysts. The response to the superovulation protocol was assessed by counting the number of codominant follicles on the day of AI, which was similar for both genotypes (22.0 ± 9.7 and 19.8 ± 8.2 for Fert+ and Fert? cows, respectively). There was no effect of genotype on the proportion of transferable embryos recovered or on the mRNA abundance of the candidate genes tested in the grade 1 blastocysts. Of the total embryos classified as blastocysts, however, the Fert+ cows tended to have a greater proportion of grade 1 blastocysts compared with Fert? cows (90% vs. 64%, respectively). In conclusion, genetic merit for fertility traits had a no effect on mRNA abundance of the candidate genes that were examined in immature oocytes and cumulus cells and in embryos recovered after superovulation. The observed differences in morphological blastocyst quality following superovulation would suggest that the superior reproductive performance of Fert+ cows could arise during the later stages of embryo development from d 7 until maternal recognition of pregnancy.     

Nitrous oxide emissions and herbage accumulation in smooth bromegrass pastures with nitrogen fertilizer and ruminant urine application

Agricultural soils contribute significantly to nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, but little data is available on N₂O emissions from smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures. This study evaluated soil N₂O emissions and herbage accumulation from smooth bromegrass pasture in eastern Nebraska, USA. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured biweekly from March to October in 2011 and 2012 using vented static chambers on smooth bromegrass plots treated with a factorial combination of five urea nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha^?1) and two ruminant urine treatments (distilled water and urine). Urine input strongly affected daily and cumulative N₂O emissions, but responses to N fertilizer rate depended on growing season rainfall. In 2011, when rainfall was normal, cumulative N₂O emissions increased exponentially with N fertilizer rate. In 2012, drought reduced daily and cumulative N₂O emission responses to N fertilizer rate. Herbage accumulation ranged from 4.46 Mg ha^?1 in unfertilized pasture with distilled water to 16.01 Mg ha^?1 in pasture with 180 kg N ha^?1 and urine in 2011. In 2012, plots treated with urine had 2.2 times more herbage accumulation than plots treated with distilled water but showed no response to N fertilizer rate. Total applied N lost as N₂O ranged from 0–0.6 to 0.5–1.7 % across N fertilizer rates in distilled water and urine treatments, respectively, and thus, support the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default direct emission factors of 1.0 % for N fertilizer additions and 2.0 % for urine excreted by cattle on pasture.     

电化学氢通量法用于油气管线在线腐蚀监测

通过恒电位阳极极化和失重法考察了不同pH、温度和H₂S浓度下Q235A钢在弱酸性介质中的氢渗透电流密度与腐蚀速率的变化情况,着重探讨了各影响因素下氢渗透电流与失重腐蚀速率之间的相关性,为氢通量技术用于油气管道非侵入式腐蚀监测提供依据。研究发现：随着pH降低或介质温度升高,Q235A钢的腐蚀速率与氢渗透电流均逐步增大,且二者之间具有良好的线性相关性。随着H₂S浓度增加,Q235A钢的腐蚀速率呈现先增大后降低的趋势,但氢渗透电流则先增大而后趋于稳定;当H₂S浓度在5～200 mg·L^-1范围内,腐蚀速率与氢电流符合二阶多项式函数关系。通过自制的氢通量探针监测实验管道内腐蚀时,发现过厚的管壁降低了氢电流测量灵敏度,但采用恒电位阶跃法得到的氢渗透电量（氢通量）则与失重腐蚀速率之间具有良好相关性,表明渗氢电量法可用于测量油气管道的内腐蚀速率。     

冷轧辊淬冷过程数值模拟的研究

采用三维非线性有限元分析方法模拟小型冷轧辊淬火冷却过程，直观地显示出任一时刻轧辊上的瞬态温度场、组织分布和应力场，可以给出轧辊上任意位置的冷却曲线。在所采用的数学模型中，用增量叠代法处理边界条件非线性、物理参数非线性、相变潜热非线性等复杂问题。在相变量计算中引入应力状态的影响。在应力场分析中采用热弹塑性模型，考虑了相变应变、相变塑性应变、热应变、材料力学性能的温度效应和相变影响等因素。计算机模拟结果和实测结果吻合较好。由此提供了一种良好的淬火工艺虚拟生产试验手段，可作为智能热处理的核心技术之一