Effect of thiamine hydrochloride,pyridoxine hydrochloride and calcium‐d‐pantothenate on the patulin content of apple juice concentrate

Thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride and calcium‐d‐pantothenate were applied apple juice concentrates (AJC) at various doses in order to reduce the patulin content. AJC samples containing high levels of patulin were stored at 22 ± 2°C and 4°C for 6 months after vitamins were added. Patulin was fully degraded at the end of a 6‐month period in samples stored at 22 ± 2°C, on the other hand, other quality parameters diminished significantly. Without any considerable reduction on other quality parameters, applications of 1000 and 2500 mg/kg calcium‐d‐pantothenate resulted in reduction of patulin of 73.6 and 94.3%, respectively, however, 42.1% of patulin reduction was observed in the control sample of AJC stored for 1 month at 22 ± 2°C. Addition of thiamine hydrochloride (1000 mg/kg( pyrodoxine hydrochloride (625 or 875 mg/kg) and calcium‐d‐pantothenate (1000 or 2500 mg/kg) into the samples and storage at 4°C for 6 months yielded 55.5 to 67.7% of patulin reduction which was only 35.8% for the control, while the other quality parameters were protected adequately.     

Dynamics of four-wheel-steering vehicles

In this paper we present an optimised 3 degrees-of-freedom non-linear dynamic model of a four-wheel-steering (4WS) vehicle. As variables, we retain the lateral velocity V, the rolling velocity p and yaw velocity r. The front steer angle δ_f and rear steer angle δ_r are considered to be linear functions of the steering wheel angle θ_s and of dθ_s/dt, the proportionality parameters being k _1f, k _2f for δ_f and k _1r, k _2r for δ_r. The parameters k _1f, k _2f, k _1r, k _2r are optimised by use of the BOX mathematical algorithm. In a first optimisation loop we minimise the sideslip angle β of the vehicle and in a second optimisation loop we assure, that the resultant (taken in the centre of gravity of the vehicle) of all the transversal forces F _y applied on the wheels of the vehicle (reaction forces contained in the road plane), give a component F _yx along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, that takes a non negative value. This assures, that the motor of the vehicle will not waste fuel to overcome resistance forces originating from the steering system of the vehicle. A numerical application is also presented for a 4WS vehicle negotiating a curve at constant velocity. The results are compared to those obtained by two models frequently used in the literature. The comparison testifies on the superiority of our model for the application presented here.