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201.
The present study was designed to examine the effects of EFA deficiency (EFAD) on biochemical, functional, and structural
aspects of the kidney in growing and adult rats fed a normal or EFAD diet for 9 wk after weaning. Food and fluid intake (FI),
urine volume, and Na+ and K+ excretions were measured weekly from weeks 4 to 8 by placing the rats in individual metabolic cages for 24 h. At week 9,
Li+ and a 5% water load, respectively, were administered at 14 and 1.5 h prior to glomerular and proximal tubular function studies,
as assessed by 3-h creatinine (CCr) and Li+ (CLi+) clearances. Hematocrit and urine volume; serum and urine [Cr], [Li+], [Na+], and [K+]; and renal FA distribution were also measured. Data [corrected to 100 g/body weight (bw) and presented as means ±SEM] were
significant, at P<-0.05. Despite a similar ingestion of solids from weeks 4 to 7 (weeks 7 to 10 of life), the rats on the EFAD diet showed
a decreased body weight from week 5. From weeks 4 to 8, Fl and urine volume were similar for both groups, but the Fl increased
at week 6 in the EFAD group; 24-h Na+ and K+ excretions were similar at all weeks, except for an increase in the EFAD group for both ions at week 7. In the EFAD group,
CCr and CLi+ decreased by 27 and 56.3%, respectively (385.7±33.4 vs. 280±21.1, and 21.0±2.1 vs. 9.2±1.1 μL/min/100 g; n=9 vs. 10), the latter result suggesting increased proximal reabsorption. The 3-h Na+ and K+ excretions were similar, but the Li+ decreased (0.78±0.06×10−2 vs. 0.32±0.03×10−2 μeq/min/100 g) in the EFAD group, giving additional support to the suggestion. Renal structure was normal and similar for
both groups, but the EFAD group showed a more prominent proximal tubule brush border, together with heavier periodic acid-Schiff
staining in all specimens from weeks 5 to 9. In the EFAD group, FA of the n−9 and n−7 series were higher, but most of the
n−6 series were lower as a percentage of total lipids in the medulla and cortex. Medullary levels of 20∶4n−6 were maintained,
22∶4n−6 declined twice, arachidonic acid was maintained, and 20∶5n−3 was lower. The EFAD diet affected glomerular function,
proximal tubular structure and function, and FA distribution in the rat kidney. 相似文献
202.
Silvana?Martini Constantin?Bertoli Maria?Lidia?Herrera Ian?Neeson Alejandro?MarangoniEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(5):305-312
An ultrasonic technique was developed to study the crystallization process of edible fats on-line. A chirp wave was used instead
of the conventional pulser signal, thus achieving a higher signal-to-noise ratio. This enabled measurements to be made in
concentrated systems [≈20% solid fat content (SFC)] through a 8.11-cm thick sample without significant signal loss. Fat samples
were crystallized at 20, 25, and 30°C at a constant agitation rate of 400 rpm for 90 min. The crystallization process was
followed by ultrasonic spectroscopy and a low-resolution pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. Specific relationships
were found between ultrasonic parameters [integrated response, time of flight (TF), and full width half maximum] and SFC.
TF, which is an indirect measurement of the ultrasonic velocity (v), was highly correlated to SFC (r
2>0.9) in a linear fashion (v=2.601 SFC+1433.0). 相似文献
203.
Rgia Maria Cordeiro Brito Alzir Azevedo Batista Javier Ellena Eduardo E. Castellano Izaura Cirino Nogueira Digenes Luiz Gonzaga de Frana Lopes Jackson Rodrigues de Sousa Ícaro de Sousa Moreira 《Inorganic chemistry communications》2007,10(12):1515-1517
The cis-[Ru(dppb)(Me-bipy)(NCS)2], dppb = 1,4-bis (diphenylphosphino)butane, Me-bipy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, and NCS = thiocyanate, was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques and its structure was determined by crystal X-ray analysis. The crystal structure reveals that the coordination geometry around the Ru(II) center is distorted octahedron where two molecules of thiocyanate are bonded to the ruthenium through nitrogen atom in cis orientation. The half-wave formal potential value E1/2 = 0.8 V (versus Ag/AgCl) observed is considerable higher than that for the cis-[RuCl2(dppb)(Me-bipy)] complex, E1/2 = 0.6 V (versus Ag/AgCl), well illustrating the strong π-acceptor effect the NCS ligand toward the backbonding interaction with the Ru(II) metal center. The MLCT absorption bands of the thiocyanate complex present a higher molar absorptivity (about 12%) compared with the cis-[RuCl2(dppb)(Me-bipy)] complex, in the same experimental conditions. These properties make the complex potentially promising for the photosensitization process. 相似文献
204.
Delba N.C. Melo Eduardo C. Vasco De Toledo Marcela M. Santos Salah D.M. Hasan Maria Regina Wolf Maciel Rubens Maciel Filho 《Computers & Chemical Engineering》2005,29(11-12):2485
In order to develop and test the integration procedure, in this paper a real time process integration involving the optimization and control of the process is presented, in this case, with the two-layer approach. The used optimization algorithms were Levenberg–Marquardt and SQP that solve a non-linear least square problem subject to bounds on the variables. The two-layer approach is a hierarchical control structure where an optimization layer calculates the set points and manipulated variables to the advanced controller, which is based on the dynamic matrix control with constraints (QDMC). The non-isothermal dynamic model of the three-phase slurry catalytic reactor with appropriate solution procedure was utilized in this work (Vasco de Toledo, E. C., Santana, P. L., Maciel, M. R. W., & Maciel Filho, R. (2001). Dynamic modeling of a three-phase catalytic slurry reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, 56, 6055–6061). The model consists on mass and heat balance equations for the catalyst particles as well as for the bulk phases of gas and liquid. The model was used to describe the dynamic behavior of hydrogenation reaction of o-cresol to obtain 2-methil-cyclohexanol, in the presence of a catalyst Ni/SiO2. 相似文献
205.
Maria Casapu Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt Marek Maciejewski Meike Wittrock Ulrich Gbel Alfons Baiker 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》2006,63(3-4):232-242
The formation and stability of BaAl2O4 and BaCeO3 in Pt-Ba/Al2O3 and Pt-Ba/CeO2 based NOx storage-reduction (NSR) catalysts has been investigated using kinetic measurements, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In as-prepared state, the Ba-component in the NSR catalysts was made up of amorphous BaO and BaCO3. The formation of BaAl2O4 started above 850 °C, whereas the formation of BaCeO3 was already observed at 800 °C and was faster than that of BaAl2O4. The stability of BaAl2O4 and BaCeO3 in various liquid and gaseous atmospheres was different. BaAl2O4 was rapidly hydrated at room temperature in the presence of water and transformed to Ba(NO3)2 and γ-alumina in the presence of HNO3, whereas BaCeO3 was decomposed to much lower extent under these conditions. Interestingly, BaCeO3 was transformed to Ba(NO3)2/CeO2 in the presence of NO2/H2O at 300–500 °C. Also, the presence of CO2 led to decomposition of barium cerate, which has important consequences for the catalyst ageing under NOx-storage conditions and can be exploited for regeneration of thermally aged NSR-catalysts. 相似文献
206.
Iván Jachmanián Lucía Margenat Ana I. Torres Maria A. Grompone 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(6):597-601
The solubility of different ethyl esters derivatized from hake liver oil in supercritical carbon dioxide was studied. A selectivity
factor was used to determine optimal conditions to fractionate the ethyl ester mixture. A strong influence of solvent pressure
and temperature was observed within 8.63–18.04 MPa and 40–70 °C. The lowest total solubility of the ethyl ester mixture was
obtained when using supercritical carbon dioxide at the lowest density (the lowest pressure and the highest temperatures value
tested). The highest discrimination against long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. EPA and DHA) was also obtained at
these above conditions. Conversely, higher solubility and lower selectivity were obtained when solvent density increased.
Considering this inverse correlation between selectivity and solubility, a single-step batch-fractionation process was designed
to increase the 22:6 ethyl ester content from an initial value of 17.5% in the starting material to 55% in the final extract. 相似文献
207.
The effect of Mg-doping and Li overstoichiometry on the structural stability of LiCoO2 powders has been investigated with emphasis to voltammetric properties. Microparticle cyclic voltammetry (CV) conducted in caustic NaOH to best simulate a non-aqueous electrolyte shows a marked improvement of the structure stability of doped LiCoO2. In contrast to the unsubstituted LiCoO2 sample which shows voltammetric peaks associated to the well-known two-phase domain and monoclinic distortion reactions, in Li1.08Mg0.06CoO2, LiMg0.06CoO2 and Li1.08CoO2 samples these peaks are strongly suppressed providing direct evidence for the existence of a stable solid solution with negligible phase transitions in the reversible intercalation region (3.8-4.2 V vs. Li) as well as in the overcharged region. The effect is higher with Mg-doping, irrespective of the Li overstoichiometry. However, the concomitant presence of Mg and Li excess in the structure is important for obtaining small particle sizes. Since Mg-doping induces a quasi metallic behavior in the samples, whereas the Li excess may provide an higher initial capacity, it is suggested that the Li1.08Mg0.06CoO2 composition may be of interest as positive cathode for advanced Li-ion batteries. 相似文献
208.
The effect of oral administration, for 24 or 48 hr, of different octadeca fatty acids containing a 9,12-dienoic structure
on the fatty acid composition and Δ9 desaturation activity of liver microsomes of rat fed a fat-free diet was studied. The
ethyl esters of linoelaidic and γ-linolenic acids, the methyl ester of linoleic acid and free columbinic acid were administered
to rats maintained on a fat-free diet. The supplementation of the fat-free diet with linoelaidate produced no relevant changes
in the fatty acid composition pattern of liver microsomes and did not modify the percentage of conversion of palmitic to palmitoleic
acid. The addition of linoleate or γ-linolenate to the fat-free diet returned liver microsome Δ9 desaturation activity toward
the control and partially restored the liver microsome fatty acid spectrum found in the fat-free diet. Columbinic acid (5-trans-9-cis,12-cis-18∶3), which cannot be transformed into arachidonic acid, also decreased the Δ9 desaturation activity enhanced by the fat-free
diet and evoked changes in the microsomal fatty acid composition similar to those produced by the ω6 fatty acids. These results
suggest that the modulation of Δ9 desaturase activity evoked by dietary administration of unsaturated acids of ω6 series would
depend on thecis double bond configuration of these acids. 相似文献
209.
Nikolaos?Nenadis Maria?TsimidouEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(12):1191-1195
Rapid 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) tests are often applied to classify the scavenging activity of phenolic compounds (AH). Published analytical protocols differ
in more than one experimental condition, and results for the relative order or magnitude of activity are often contradictory.
In this work, parameters such as duration of test, [AH]/[DPPH•] molar ratio, and solvent effects were examined and discussed. The test duration and the value of the [AH]/[DPPH•] ratio did not influence the order of activity among tested antioxidants. Ethanol, commonly used as solvent in such tests,
was compared with acetonitrile and tert-butyl alcohol. Solvent properties such as the ability to form hydrogen bonds with the AH seem to influence the level of the
relative activity (%RSA). Higher %RSA values were observed in ethanol. The activity of the most polar compounds was affected
the most, and in some cases (caffeic, dihydrocaffeic, and rosmarinic acids) the order of activity was changed owing to different
kinetics. Standardization of the analytical protocol should include a 20-min reaction period and a molar ratio that permits
attainment of a 60–80% RSA value for the most potent antioxidant. Solvent choice is critical for classifying activity. Safe
classification can be based only on results from kinetic studies. 相似文献
210.
Maria Jos O. C. Guimares Fernanda M. B. Coutinho Marisa C. G. Rocha Marcelo Farah Rosrio E. S. Bretas 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2002,86(9):2240-2246
The rheological and morphological properties of blends based on high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and a commercial ethylene–octene copolymer (EOC) produced by metallocene technology were investigated. The rheological properties were evaluated in steady and dynamic shear experiments at 190°C in shear rates ranging from 90 s?1 to 1500 s?1 and frequency range between 10?1 rad/s and 102 rad/s, respectively. These blends presented a high level of homogeneity in the molten state and rheological behavior was generally intermediate to those of the pure components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the blends exhibit dispersed morphologies with EOC domains distributed homogeneously and with particle size inferior to 2 μm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2240–2246, 2002 相似文献