Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) digital predistorter for RF power amplifier linearization

This paper describes an adaptive digital predistorter (ADP) for RF power amplifier (PA) linearization using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The ANFIS predistorter (PD) employs the advantage of real-time modeling of the PA's responses in determining the PD's functions. The amplitude and phase corrections for the PD are represented in an easy-to-understand fuzzy if-then rule, while the parameters involved in the fuzzy representation are trained using neural networks algorithms, namely gradient-descent and least squares estimate (LSE). Experimental results show that a 26.3-dB improvement in linearity for a two-tone signal is obtained, while a distorted WCDMA signal is suppressed by at least 12 dB. The adaptability of the ANFIS PD to instantaneous variation in PA responses through time is also demonstrated, and results show that the ANFIS PD is capable of adapting to simulated environmental changes, which is a topic often omitted by researchers in this area. Further testing demonstrated that the tuning parameters involved in the training could be reduced by more than half for a fairly nonlinear PA without significantly degrading the suppression capability.     

Inorganic Drug‐Delivery Nanovehicle Conjugated with Cancer‐Cell‐Specific Ligand

The surface of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles, a potential drug‐delivery nanovehicle, is modified with the cancer‐cell‐specific ligand, folic acid. The surface modification is successfully accomplished through step‐by‐step coupling reactions with aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethyl aminopropyl)‐carbodiimide. In order to evaluate the cancer‐cell targeting effect of folic‐acid‐grafted layered double hydroxide utilizing fluorescence‐related assay, both layered double hydroxide with and without folic acid moiety are labeled with fluorescein 5′‐isothiocyanate. The uptake of layered double hydroxide and folic acid conjugated into KB and A549 cells is visualized using fluorescence microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. Both chemical and biological assay results demonstrate that the folic acid molecules are indeed conjugated to the surface of layered double hydroxide and thus the selectivity of nanovehicles to cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors increases. In this study, it is suggested that layered double hydroxide nanoparticles can be used as drug‐delivery carriers with a targeting function due to the chemical conjugation with specific ligand.     

Achievable sum‐rate analysis of correlated two‐antenna MIMO uplink channels

This paper analyzes the achievable sum‐rate of correlated two‐antenna multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) uplink channels. Most of previous works have considered the case when a single user has multiple transmit antennas (i.e. multi‐antenna single‐user scenario). This paper considers the case when two‐antenna MIMO uplink channels comprise two users with a single transmit antenna (i.e. single‐antenna two‐user scenario). The analytic and simulation results show that the achievable sum‐rate of correlated single‐antenna two‐user MIMO uplink channels highly depends on the angle difference between the receive correlation coefficients of two users. It is also shown that the achievable sum‐rate of correlated single‐antenna two‐user MIMO uplink channels is larger than that of correlated two‐antenna single‐user MIMO uplink channels and can even be larger than that of independent and identically distributed Rayleigh two‐antenna MIMO uplink channels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Curved Projection Integral Imaging Using an Additional Large‐Aperture Convex Lens for Viewing Angle Improvement

In this paper, we propose a curved projection integral imaging system to improve the horizontal and vertical viewing angles. The proposed system can be easily implemented by additional use of a large‐aperture convex lens in conventional projection integral imaging. To obtain the simultaneous display of 3D images through real and virtual image fields, we propose a computer‐generated pickup method based on ray optics and elemental images, which are synthesized for the proposed system. To show the feasibility of the proposed system, preliminary experiments are carried out. Experimental results indicate that our system improves the viewing angle and displays 3D images simultaneously in real and virtual image fields.     

QoS‐Guaranteed Multiuser Scheduling in MIMO Broadcast Channels

This paper proposes a new multiuser scheduling algorithm that can simultaneously support a variety of different quality‐of‐service (QoS) user groups while satisfying fairness among users in the same QoS group in MIMO broadcast channels. Toward this goal, the proposed algorithm consists of two parts: a QoS‐aware fair (QF) scheduling within a QoS group and an antenna trade‐off scheme between different QoS groups. The proposed QF scheduling algorithm finds a user set from a certain QoS group which can satisfy the fairness among users in terms of throughput or delay. The antenna trade‐off scheme can minimize the QoS violations of a higher priority user group by trading off the number of transmit antennas allocated to different QoS groups. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed QF scheduling method satisfies different types of fairness among users and can adjust the degree of fairness among them. The antenna trade‐off scheme combined with QF scheduling can improve the probability of QoS‐guaranteed transmission when supporting different QoS groups.     

Compact 2.5 Gb/s Burst‐Mode Receiver with Optimum APD Gain for XG‐PON1 and GPON Applications

This letter presents a compact 2.5 Gb/s burst‐mode receiver using the first reported monolithic amplifier IC developed with 0.25 …m SiGe BiCMOS technology. With optimum avalanche photodiode gain, the receiver module can obtain a fast response, high sensitivity and wide dynamic range, satisfying the overhead timing and various power specifications for a 2.5 Gb/s next‐generation passive optical network (PON), as well as a legacy 1.25 Gb/s PON in the upstream.     

High resolution negative tone molecular resist based on di-functional epoxide polymerization

There is an urgent demand for higher performance resists with superior resolution, sensitivity, and line edge roughness for both electron-beam and extreme ultraviolet lithography applications. Chemically amplified resists provide superior sensitivity compared to non-chemically amplified resists, but often suffer from resolution limitations and poor line edge roughness. A new class of negative tone chemically amplified molecular resists has been developed based on epoxide cross-linking that combines high sensitivity with low line edge roughness and excellent resolution. The most recent compound of this class (2-Ep) simultaneously demonstrates resolution of 25 nm half-pitch, sensitivity of 38 μC/cm², and line edge roughness (3σ) of 2.9 nm under 100 keV e-beam exposure.     

Data retention characteristics of MANOS-type flash memory device with different metal gates at various levels of charge injection

We investigated the impact of charge injection and metal gates (Al and Pt) on the data retention characteristics of metal–alumina–nitride–oxide–silicon (MANOS) devices for NAND flash memory application. Through the theoretical and experimental results, the highly injected charge (ΔV_TH) could cause the band bending of Al₂O₃, which reduced the tunneling distance across Al₂O₃. Thus, the dominant charge loss path is not only toward SiO₂ but also toward Al₂O₃ direction. Compared to low-metal work function (Ф_M), ONA stack with high-Ф_M showed better data retention characteristics, even if ΔV_TH is high. This could be explained by Fermi level alignment for different Ф_M, which results in the reduction of electric field across the Al₂O₃ compensated by the ΔФ_M (Ф_Pt ? Ф_Al).     

Region-based image retrieval using color-size features of watershed regions

This paper presents a region-based image retrieval system that provides a user interface for helping to specify the watershed regions of interest within a query image. We first propose a new type of visual features, called color-size feature, which includes color-size histogram and moments, to integrate color and region-size information of watershed regions. Next, we design a scheme of region filtering that is based on color-size histogram to fast screen out some of most irrelevant regions and images for the preprocessing of the image retrieval. Our region-based image retrieval system applies the Earth Mover’s Distance in the design of the similarity measure for image ranking and matching. Finally, we present some experiments for the color-size feature, region filtering, and retrieval results that demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed system.     

High efficiency red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using a spirobenzofluorene type phosphine oxide as a host material

High efficiency red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes have been developed using a spirobenzofluorene type phosphine oxide (SPPO2) as a host material. The SPPO2 had a high glass transition temperature of 119 °C and a smooth surface morphology with a surface roughness less than 1 nm. The red device with the SPPO2 as a host showed a quantum efficiency of 14.3% with a current efficiency of 20.4 cd/A.