The kinetics of B‐a and P‐a type copolybenzoxazine via the ring opening process

The structure of benzoxazines is similar to that of phenolic resin through thermal self‐curing of the heterocyclic ring opening reaction that neither requires catalyst nor releases any condensation byproduct. These polybenzoxazine resins have several outstanding properties such as high thermal stability and high glass transition temperature. To better understand the curing kinetics of this copolybenzoxazine thermosetting resin, dynamic and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed. Three models, the Kissinger method, the Flynn–Wall–Osawa method, and the Kamal method, were used to describe the curing process. Dynamic kinetic activation energies based on Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Osawa methods are 72.11 and 84.06 KJ/mol, respectively. The Kamal method based on an autocatalytic model results in a total order of reaction between 2.66 and 3.03, depending on curing temperature. Its activation energy and Arrhenius preexponential are 50.3 KJ/mol and 7959, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 730–737, 2005     

Mathematical model of deoxidization with post stirring in a combined blowing converter

Dissolved oxygen in the steel at the terminal of the converter smelting process is the main cause for the formation of oxide inclusions, and the high terminal oxygen content worsens the steel cleanness. However, post stirring in a combined blowing converter can promote the carbon-oxygen reaction in the liquid steel and reduce the dissolved oxygen content at the terminal of the converter smelting process. Thus, the mathematical model of deoxidization in the post stirring process was obtained, and the rationa...     

建设工程涉外设计合同风险防范

中国参加WTO后,在扩大对外开放、拉动内需保增长政策指导下,一大批重点建设工程陆续上马,有许多外国设计企业及其在华机构加入中国建设工程的设计,其中,国有独资项目占据很大的比重。笔者结合参与全国十运会场馆一南京奥体中心以及江苏省人民医院扩建、南京图书管等多个大型项目工程全程法律保障实践,就工程设计合同风险防范,一舒管见。     

美国密歇根州三所学院的办学理念与特色分析

办学理念和办学特色对学校的生存和发展起着至关重要的作用。本文在分析美国大学的发展历程与办学理念演变的基础上,重点介绍了三所美国学院的办学理念和办学特色,希望对我们的高等教育教学改革能有所启示。     

Study on early warning index of spatial deformation for high concrete dam

Owing to the deficiency in early warning for high concrete dam,a formula was established to characterize the deformation behavior of high concrete dam as a whole.The early warning index of spatial deformation was calculated by low probability principle on the basis of the deformation entropy formula proposed.The steps were as follows.Firstly,the probability method was utilized to define the degree of order and degree of chaos for each survey point.Secondly,the weight distribution among the survey points was...     

仿土质专用肥的开发和应用前景

本文介绍了基于某些名、优农产品在其生长过程中所需要的特定敏感元素,配制出“仿土质”专用肥。经施用证明,肥效显著,经济效益可观,具有推广应用的前景。     

Synthesis and photoconductivity study of phthalocyanine polymers. I. PAA–CuPc(NO2)2

Cu–dinitro–diamino phthalocyanine was synthesized and converted to the diazonium salt. Polyacrylamide bonded CuPc(NO₂)₂ [PAA–CuPc(NO₂)₂] (I) was synthesized by hot polymerization of acrylamide and this diazonium salt. Polymer(I) is water soluble and contains about 7 mol % CuPc(NO₂)₂ rings, which are covalently bonded to PAA. Polymer(I) shows good photoconductivity, which is much better than that of the corresponding phthalocyanine monomers. By doping with iodine (I₂), the photosensitivity of polymer(I) is increased, which through fluorescence analysis is explained by the fact that a charge–transfer complex (CTC) of polymer(I) with I₂ is formed. The influence of interface layer (IFL) and charge–transportation material (CTM) on the photoconductivity of polymer(I) were also studied.     

硝酸废热锅炉的腐蚀与防腐

结合本厂硝酸装置的实际，分析废热锅炉的腐蚀机理，介绍硝酸废热锅炉的防腐措施。     

Tungsten Oxide Nanorods Array and Nanobundle Prepared by Using Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

Tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanorods array prepared using chemical vapor deposition techniques was studied. The influence of oxygen gas concentration on the nanoscale tungsten oxide structure was observed; it was responsible for the stoichiometric and morphology variation from nanoscale particle to nanorods array. Experimental results also indicated that the deposition temperature was highly related to the morphology; the chemical structure, however, was stable. The evolution of the crystalline structure and surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction approaches. The stoichiometric variation was indicated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

Lattice-based key exchange on small integer solution problem

In this paper, we propose a new hard problem, called bilateral inhomogeneous small integer solution （Bi-ISIS）, which can be seen as an extension of the small integer solution problem on lattices. The main idea is that, instead of choosing a rectangle matrix, we choose a square matrix with small rank to generate Bi-ISIS problem without affecting the hardness of the underlying SIS problem. Based on this new problem, we present two new hardness problems： computational Bi-ISIS and decisional problems. As a direct application of these problems, we construct a new lattice-based key exchange （KE） protocol, which is analogous to the classic Diffie- Hellman KE protocol. We prove the security of this protocol and show that it provides better security in case of worst-case hardness of lattice problems, relatively efficient implementations, and great simplicity.