Absolute intensity calibration of flat-field space-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectrometer using radial profiles of visible and extreme ultraviolet bremsstrahlung continuum emitted from high-density plasmas in Large Helical Device

A precise absolute intensity calibration of a flat-field space-resolved extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer working in wavelength range of 60-400 ? is carried out using a new calibration technique based on radial profile measurement of the bremsstrahlung continuum in Large Helical Device. A peaked vertical profile of the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum has been successfully observed in high-density plasmas (n(e) ≥ 10(14) cm(-3)) with hydrogen ice pellet injection. The absolute calibration can be done by comparing the EUV bremsstrahlung profile with the visible bremsstrahlung profile of which the absolute value has been already calibrated using a standard lamp. The line-integrated profile of measured visible bremsstrahlung continuum is firstly converted into the local emissivity profile by considering a magnetic surface distortion due to the plasma pressure, and the local emissivity profile of EUV bremsstrahlung is secondly calculated by taking into account the electron temperature profile and free-free gaunt factor. The line-integrated profile of the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum is finally calculated from the local emissivity profile in order to compare with measured EUV bremsstrahlung profile. The absolute intensity calibration can be done by comparing measured and calculated EUV bremsstrahlung profiles. The calibration factor is thus obtained as a function of wavelength with excellent accuracy. It is also found in the profile analysis that the grating reflectivity of EUV emissions is constant along the direction perpendicular to the wavelength dispersion. Uncertainties on the calibration factor determined with the present method are discussed including charge-coupled device operation modes.     

An application of a linear statistical model in clinical anesthesia practice

One of the important topics in clinical practice of anesthesia, is "prediction". We have to predict what will happen next after obtaining some imperfect data about the patient. The standard and most popularized method is the one utilizing a linear statistical model. This linear model in prediction is based, in part, on the information theory, which says that the volume of information is the linear combination of its components. One of the characteristic models is linear regression analysis. In this paper, basic structure of linear statistical model and its application are discussed. In particular, problems and pitfalls in its application are demonstrated, focusing on variable selection, multi-colinearity and model checking, which will, I believe, lead us to have an access to this clinically important subject "prediction".     

Influence of proteoglycan contents and of tissue hydration on the frictional characteristics of articular cartilage

In this work, the hypothesis that water content and substances present on the articular surface play an important role in lubrication through the formation of a layer with a high content of water on the articular surface is analysed. The hydrophilic properties of proteoglycans exposed at the articular surface and hydration of tissue are the main responsible factors for the formation of this layer. The role of the articular surface in the frictional characteristics of articular cartilage was examined using specimens (femoral condyles of pigs) with intact and wiped surfaces tested in intermittent friction tests. Results indicated that the intact condition presented low friction in comparison with the wiped condition. The measured water loss of the articular cartilage after sliding and loading indicated a gradual decrease in the water content as the time evolved, and rehydration was observed after the submersion of unloaded specimens in the saline bath solution. Micrographic analyses indicated the presence of a layer covering the articular surface, and histological analyses indicated the presence of proteoglycans in this superficial layer. The hydration of the cartilage surface layer and proteoglycan in this layer influence lubrication.     

Structural and functional correlates of synaptic transmission in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Because vertebrate neuromuscular junctions are readily accessible for experimental manipulation, they have provided a superb model in which to examine and test functional correlates of chemical synaptic transmission. In the neuromuscular synapse, acetylcholine receptors have been localized to the crests of the junctional folds and visualized by a variety of ultrastructural techniques. By using ultrarapid freezing techniques with a temporal resolution of less than 1 msec, quantal transmitter release has been correlated with synaptic vesicle exocytosis at discrete sites called “active zones.” Mechanisms for synaptic vesicle membrane retrieval and recycling have been identified by using immunological approaches and correlated with endocytosis via coated pits and coated vesicles. In this review, available ultrastructural, physiological, immunological, and biochemical data have been used to construct an ultrastructural model of neuromuscular synaptic transmission that correlates structure and function at the molecular level.     

灰色预测模型在纺织工业上的应用

简要介绍了灰色预测模型的原理及方法，就纺织工业中应用灰色预测模型所取得的研究成果作了综述评介，并分析了在纺织工业上进一步应用的前景。     

NMR and ICP spectroscopic analysis of the DNA-binding domain of the Drosophila GCM protein reveals a novel Zn2+-binding motif

Drosophila GCM (glial cell missing) is a novel DNA-binding proteinthat determines the fate of glial precursors from the neuraldefault to glia. The GCM protein contains the functional domainthat is essential for recognition of the upstream sequence ofthe repo gene. In the DNA-binding region of this GCM protein,there is a cysteine-rich region with which divalent metal ionssuch as Zn²⁺ must bind and other proteins belonging to the GCMfamily have a corresponding region. To obtain a more detailedinsight into the structural and functional features of thisDNA-binding region, we have determined the minimal DNA-bindingdomain and obtained inductively coupled plasma atomic emissionspectra and ¹H–¹⁵N, ¹H–¹⁵N–¹³C and ¹¹³Cd²⁺NMR spectra, with or without its specific DNA molecule. Consideringthe results, it was concluded that the minimal DNA-binding domainincludes two Zn²⁺-binding sites, one of which is adjacent tothe interface for DNA binding. Systematic mutational analysesof the conserved cysteine residues in the minimal DNA-bindingdomain revealed that one Zn²⁺-binding site is indispensablefor stabilization of the higher order structure of this DNA-bindingdomain, but that the other is not.     

The anodic characteristics of modified Mn oxide electrode: Ti/RuOx/MnOx

The Ti-supported Mn oxide electrode was modified by introducing a Ru oxide film as an intermediate layer into the Ti/Mn oxide interface, and its anodic characteristics were examined in aqueous solutions of 0.5 M H₂SO₄, 1 M KOH and 5 M NaCl. The intermediate thin film of the Ru oxide served effectively as a good conductor to improve the electric characteristics of the Ti-supported Mn oxide electrode and hence the modified electrode exhibited the excellent anodic characteristics similar to those of the Pt-based Mn oxide. From the kinetic considerations, it was proved that the anodic evolution of oxygen takes place on the surface of Mn oxide. The Mn oxide was found to be virtually active electrocatalyst for electrolytic chlorine evolution as well as electrolytic oxygen evolution. As a result of the evaluation of the catalytic activity, it was considered that the Mn oxide is one of the most active material of all, except for some DSA-type electrodes such as Ru and Ir oxides, for the anodic evolution of oxygen. In conclusion, the presented results suggest that the modified Mn oxide electrode has a promising character for the practical use in water electrolysis.     

Electrochromic behavior and stability of polyaniline composite films combined with prussian blue

The electrochromic behavior of polyaniline–poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films (CPAn–PVA) combined with electrochemically synthesized Prussian blue films (PB) was investigated in LiClO₄? CH₃CN nonaqueous aprotic solution. The combination was achieved by chemical deposition of CPAn–PVA on PB. When the combined films (CPAn–PVA–PB) are prepared with the appropriately low quantity of PB, CPAn–PVA–PB showed various visible absorption spectra overlapped roughly with the absorption of the component materials at different applied potentials. CPAn–PVA–PB provided the color change from green to blue at much lower applied potential than did CPAn–PVA. However, the combined PB eliminates protons from the first oxidized polyaniline chains to decrease the electrochemical activity of polyaniline. Therefore, to construct multicolor electrochromic devices by the combination of polyaniline with the other electrochromic materials, it is necessary to select the materials containing no deprotonation activity. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A bio-based adhesive composed of polyelectrolyte complexes of lignosulfonate and cationic polyelectrolytes

Abstract

Polyelectrolyte complexes composed of lignosulfonate and cationic polyelectrolytes were used as bio-based adhesives. Sodium lignosulfonate (L-SO₃Na), a wood-derived anionic polyelectrolyte, was combined with three different cationic polyelectrolytes and the adhesive strength of the resulting complexes was evaluated on various substrates. Higher adhesive strength was observed with polar substrates (stainless steel, aluminum, and wood) compared to a nonpolar substrate (polypropylene). Complexes L-SO₃Na/poly(allylamine) and L-SO₃Na/ε-poly-l-lysine exhibited higher adhesive strength than the other polyelectrolyte complexes on aluminum and a commercial polyvinyl acetate adhesive on wood. In addition, our adhesives do not require any additional chemical reagents, such as organic solvents, crosslinkers, or condensation agents. The L-SO₃Na/ε-poly-l-lysine complex is a strong and completely biodegradable adhesive. This study demonstrates the use of lignosulfonate in the development of low-toxicity, sustainable, and biodegradable adhesives with excellent adhesive strength.