Resource Name-Based Routing in the Network Layer

New network architectures and routing technologies are being proposed to reflect the changes in the current trend of Internet communication that are becoming more and more resource-centric; the demand for the hierarchically structured resource in the network is emphasized, not the location of the resource. Therefore, routing by the resource rather than routing by the conventional Internet protocol address is more suitable for the future Internet with some attractive advantages such as reducing the burden of resolving identifier to location and achieving higher scalability by using a provider-independent addressing structure. In this paper, we propose resource name-based routing within the routers in the network layer since te ardware architecture should also be able to support the paradigm shift from host-centric to resource-centric communication. Through evaluating the required network architecture and memory size in routers, we show the feasibility of resource name-based routing by using fully qualified domain names (FQDN) as an example of describing structured information. Using approximately 700 million existing FQDNs, the evaluation result shows that resource name-based routing is feasible even when considering the limitations of ternary content addressable memory size in routers.     

Degradation of poly[bis(ethylamino)phosphazene] in aqueous solution

Three polymers of poly[bis(ethylamino)phosphazene] (PBEAP) containing different amounts of the residual P–Cl moieties, which had been hydrolyzed into P OH in the following sample purification processes, were prepared by substitution of the chlorines on poly(dichlorophosphazene) with ethylamine. Only the polymer which had the highest side-chain content of ethylamino groups (ca. 93°_o) had a film-forming ability and a crystalline nature. The hydrolytic degradation of PBEAP in acidic solutions was investigated using the solution viscosity data obtained as a function of standing time. Acetic acid, 0.5 and 1N, pure acetic acid, and 2.2.2-trifluoroethanol were used as solvents. The degradation was composed of random breaking processes along the polymer chain, especially at the-N=P(OH)₂-and-N=P(OH)(NHC₂H₅)-units, and an unzippering-like breaking process which was started at the chain ends produced by the former random breaking. The random breaking caused an abrupt decrease in viscosity at the beginning of the degradation, and on the contrary, the unzippering-like breaking appeared as a gradual decrease in viscosity at the later stages of degradation. The total rate of degradation depended on the concentration of the ethylamino groups.     

Syntheses of chemical‐modified cellulose obtained from waste pulp

Chemical‐modified pulps were synthesized from four types of waste pulps (Pulp1–4) and succinic anhydride (SAn) or maleic anhydride (MAn). The solubility of the modified pulps was evaluated in common organic solvents, and their thermal properties were investigated by DSC measurement. The solubility of the modified pulps increased with an increasing degree of substitution (DS). However, no T_g or T_m of these modified pulps was confirmed. Pulps and modified pulps were graft‐polymerized with ε‐caprolactone (CL) in bulk and in DMAc/LiCl. Although the solubility of the graft copolymers was similar to modified pulps, some graft copolymers showed a T_g by the introduction of CL units. In the bulk, graft copolymers obtained from modified pulps and nonmodified pulps showed a T_g of about 75°C and no T_g, respectively. In DMAc/LiCl, the obtained graft copolymers from both modified and nonmodified pulps exhibited a T_g of 95–110°C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2059–2065, 2003     

Isotopic assessment of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> production through soil organic matter decomposition in the tropics

Values of ¹³C and ¹⁵N of soil organic matter (SOM) under different land cover in Pasir Mayang, Jambi Province, Sumatra Island, Indonesia were examined to apply them as indicators of SOM dynamics and related CO₂ production. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N values of SOM increased with depth in the 0–30 cm layer in the preserved forest, reflecting ¹³C and ¹⁵N richment in SOM through mineralization and immobilization. The degree of vertical enrichment, difference between 0–5 cm and 10–15 cm SOM, was more pronounced in ¹⁵N than in ¹³C at all sites in Pasir Mayang. The ¹³C -SOM profiles fluctuated through clear-cutting the forest and subsequent burning, which was due to input of biomass with higher C/N molar ratio and lower ¹³C value than the original SOM. However, the ¹⁵N-SOM profiles before and after such a drastic event did not change appreciably. The ¹⁵N-SOM became higher as the C/N ratio decreased and as soil sugar content decreased. These observations suggest that ¹⁵N-SOM is a variable that changes with the amount of easily decomposable organic matter (EDOM) in soil. Soil incubation experiments demonstrated a correlation between CO₂ production rate and degree of vertical ¹⁵N-enrichment in SOM, which was applied to field data to estimate CO₂ production through SOM decomposition. A similar analysis was performed with the soils collected at 27 locations in other districts in Jambi Province than Pasir Mayang. In five locations covered by oil palm plantation, CO₂ production through SOM decomposition controlled 70 of variation in CO₂ emission among the locations. In the remaining 22 locations, however, the CO₂ emission was neither related to CO₂ production from SOM nor to ground litter amount. This observation indicated that mechanisms other than dead organic matter decomposition such as root respiration were dominant sources for CO₂ emission in these sites.     

Development and motion control of a biped walking robot based on passive walking theory

This research aims to develop the biped walking robot that can walk on the horizontal ground and improve walking efficiency by utilizing the theory of the passive walking robot, namely the pendulum principle. For that, two motors were installed on the hip of the robot to generate the control torques to perform a walking motion. The computer simulations with dynamic model were carried out to investigate the walking capability of the system. Experimental robot was developed considering the calculated results. The proportional control law was used in walking experiment. The robot can walk on the horizontal ground with the proposed method.     

安装在台北101建筑工程中的1010m／min电梯

台北101建筑工程于2004年12月开业．该建筑高508m．为世界最高建筑。建筑内安装有2台额定速度为1010m／min的超高速电梯．也是世界上速度最快的电梯。该电梯采用了许多新的技术．如空气压力控制系统、动量减振器等。电梯的开发完全是基于数字虚拟系统．因为采用我们目前的技术设备还不能检验该电梯。本文现介绍这些先进技术的性能。     

Development of Broadband Telecommunications System for Railways Using Laser Technology

We developed a high‐speed telecommunication system for use on railways to improve customer service and the efficiency of operator's telecommunications between ground facilities and trains under operation. We built a mobile telecommunication system, capable of achieving a transfer rate of 1 Gbps in theory, by utilizing laser beam communications technology. We carried out a field test using trains in active service, and obtained results in which a transfer rate of approximately 700 Mbps in the TCP layer was achieved between the ground and a train running at a speed of approximately 130 km/h .     

Power Consumption Smoothing for Water Distribution System Based on Water Supply Management and Demand Adjustment

Two power consumption smoothing methods for a water transmission and distribution system based on water supply management and demand adjustment are proposed and evaluated by simulations. One is a power smoothing method with the achievable power target calculation. The other is a power smoothing method with demand adjustment that can achieve flat demand by effectively using the storage capacity of receiving tanks of heavy consumers. Simulation tests show that the former method is effective in attaining flat power consumption during a time zone with high water demand and that the latter method can achieve almost flat power consumption throughout the day.     

A new cluster-ion-beam source for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) using the electrospray of a pure ionic liquid under high vacuum

Electrospray characteristics were studied using a pure room-temperature molten salt (i.e., an ionic liquid) at pressures around 10^?5 Pa as well as at atmospheric pressure. The ionic liquid N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide was tested, which has negligible vapor pressure and high conductivity. During electrospray, the ionic liquid was introduced at a constant flow rate into a stainless-steel capillary (i.d. 30 μm). It was demonstrated that stable electrosprayed currents exceeding ±1 μΑ were continuously produced in both positive and negative modes. The electrosprayed currents in a high vacuum were twice those at atmospheric pressure. It was found that gas pressure rose slightly with increasing electrosprayed currents. Residual gas analysis revealed that gas component at negative mode was different from that at positive mode. Experimental results indicate that vacuum electrospray of pure ionic liquids is applicable to a massive-cluster beam source for SIMS.     

Conformation-dependent dynamics of macromolecular ions in the gas phase under an electrostatic field: A molecular dynamics simulation

Highly charged macromolecular ions exhibit various conformations in gas. Intramolecular charge-to-charge interaction induces a transformation from a globular structure into a stretched one. The change in the molecular conformation brings a complex dynamic behavior of ions under an electrostatic field. In the present study, we visualized the movement of a monovalent and multiply charged straight chain macromolecules, polyethylene glycol (PEG), by a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The simulation showed that a singly charged PEG ion (899?<?M_W < 4,643) takes a globular conformation. The electrical mobilities of these ions determined from the migration distance under an electric field were compared with the experimental data and those determined by the classical Mason–Schamp theory under an assumption of spherical shape. As a result, we obtained a good agreement between the MD, theoretical, and experimental data for the monovalent ions. We also found that the MD simulation successfully predicts the electrical mobility of the multiply charged stretched PEG ions, but the classical theory fails. We were able to visualize the periodic bending and stretching motion by the MD simulation. This unique motion results from the localization of charges on the PEG molecule and may have a significant effect on the dynamic behavior of macromolecule ions in gas.

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