950 keV, 3.95 MeV and 6 MeV X-band linacs for nondestructive evaluation and medicine

We are developing compact X-band linac X-ray sources for nondestructive evaluation and medicine. First, we develop a portable X-ray system by a 950 keV 9.4 GHz X-band linac to realize on-site inspection. We use a low power (250 kW) magnetron as an RF source for compactness of the whole system. Since the RF power source is quite small and the stored energy in the structure is also small, we faced the problem of beam loading and current/RF-power oscillation. We are analyzing the problem by the circuit model. We plan to use this system for erosion inspection of metal pipes of petrochemical complex. By adopting a side-coupling cavity design to avoid the oscillation, we have developed 6 MeV X-band (9.3 GHz) linac for pinpoint dynamic tracking cancer therapy. Furthermore, we are manufacturing 3.95 MeV X-band (9.3 GHz) linac X-ray source with flexible waveguides for on-site bridge inspection. Updated results and situations are presented.     

Negative faradaic resistance in extracellular electron transfer by anode-respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens cells

Geobacter sulfurreducens is a gram-negative δ-proteobacterium that is capable of transferring respiratory electrons to solid-state extracellular acceptors, including anodes, via abundant c-type cytochromes expressed in the outer membrane. As extracellular electron transfer (EET) to solid-state acceptors can proceed without the addition of exogenous mediators, this microbe has attracted significant attention with respect to energy conversion between electrical and chemical energy. Here, we revealed that clear redox peaks were present in the whole-cell cyclic voltammogram of G. sulfurreducens at around -0.15 V vs Ag|AgCl when tin-doped In(2)O(3) (ITO) glass was used as an anode. Interestingly, the EET current decreased in the potential region more positive than the midpoint potential (E(m)) of the redox peak. Thus, EET of anode-respiring G. sulfurreducens cells exhibited a negative Faradaic resistance (NFR) characteristic at the E(m) of the redox peak, in contrast to general electrochemical systems where the Faradaic current typically increases with increasing overpotential.     

Bubble behavior in vertical tube banks installed in a fluidized bed

Fluidized bed combustion is one of the advantageous technologies for coal and/or incineration firing especially with respect to the environmental protection of emissions, such as NO_x/SO_x. Bed material movement in such a fluidized bed has a prime importance in the heat transfer process. Thus, quantitative measurement of the bed material movement and the void fraction are indispensable for better understanding of the fluidized bed. In this investigation, neutron radiography is applied to visualize the bed material movement in a simulated fluidized bed heat exchanger installed with vertical tubes. Bubble behavior and void fraction profile are obtained by the image processing technique. Bubble movement is highly restrained by these vertical tubes, so that the bubbles rise up along the tube. The bubble diameter is well correlated by the modified Mori and Wen's correlation taking into account the pitch of the tube arrangement. The bubble rise velocity and void fraction are well correlated by applying the drift‐flux model. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(8): 727–739, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10127     

Feasibility study on 1.6 μm continuous-wave modulation laser absorption spectrometer system for measurement of global CO2 concentration from a satellite

A feasibility study is carried out on a 1.6 μm continuous-wave modulation laser absorption spectrometer system for measurement of global CO(2)concentration from a satellite. The studies are performed for wavelength selection and both systematic and random error analyses. The systematic error in the differential absorption optical depth (DAOD) is mainly caused by the temperature estimation error, surface pressure estimation error, altitude estimation error, and ON wavelength instability. The systematic errors caused by unwanted backscattering from background aerosols and dust aerosols can be reduced to less than 0.26% by using a modulation frequency of around 200 kHz, when backscatter coefficients of these unwanted backscattering have a simple profile on altitude. The influence of backscattering from cirrus clouds is much larger than that of dust aerosols. The transmission power required to reduce the random error in the DAOD to 0.26% is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio and the carrier-to-noise ratio calculations. For a satellite altitude of 400 km and receiving aperture diameter of 1 m, the required transmission power is approximately 18 W and 70 W when albedo is 0.31 and 0.08, respectively; the total measurement time in this case is 4 s, which corresponds to a horizontal resolution of 28 km.     

Oxidation behavior of copper nanoparticles at low temperature

A mass gain for copper nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 20 nm in a 20% oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere was measured at 150-300 °C using thermogravimetry (TG). The mass gain equilibrium of the copper particles differed at each temperature, and a threshold temperature was recorded. Oxide products, consisting mainly of Cu₂O, formed on the copper nanoparticles below the threshold temperature. Above the threshold temperature, there was an initial, and drastic, formation of Cu₂O, which then changed to CuO. The activation energy for the oxidation of the copper nanoparticles that could be calculated from the rate of the mass gain was an indication of the nano-effect of the copper nanoparticles.     

ITU-R P.434计算F2层基本最高可用频率与实测值的比较

利用我国2011年1月和7月10条斜测电路的F₂层基本最高可用频率(MUF)月中值数据,与ITU-R P.434方法计算的F₂层基本MUF进行了比较,分析了该方法在中国地区的适用性。结果表明:ITU-R P.434方法在中国地区具有较好的适用性,但在某些电路的个别时段偏差较大。其中,1月份在中纬地区日出时段,该方法给出的基本MUF与月中值相比偏低20%~30%,在日落时段则偏高20%~30%;低纬地区夜间时段两者的相对偏差较大,最大值达到40%.7月份,该方法的结果与各条电路的实测结果基本一致,相对偏差在-10%~20%之间。上述结果对短波通信的选频等具有一定的指导意义。     

扩展F全球分布特点的理论分析

考虑到我国区域电离层扩展F发生的物理机制和相关因素以及观测数据的可获取性,利用适宜于时间序列预测的长短期记忆网络建立了我国不同区域电离层扩展F事件的预测模型,对未来3 h是否会发生扩展F事件进行预测。以处于我国典型纬度地区的满洲里、北京、海口站为例,利用2015和2016年测试数据集对模型预测精度进行了检验,满洲里、北京、海口站平均准确率分别为92.4%、95.3%、96.0%,平均精确率分别为75.0%、61.2%、62.6%,平均召回率分别为73.0%、50.6%、31.5%。由此可见：在某些情况下,比如在低纬度地区的海口站,模型的召回率较低;除此之外,所建立的扩展F模型在多数情况下具有较高的预测能力。     

等离子体散射分析的改进型交替隐式时域方法

提出了一种改进的交替隐式时域有限差分(FDTD)方法,运用该方法分析了等离子体涂覆导体圆柱的散射特性,为等离子体隐身技术的运用提供了一定的理论指导.该方法在整个问题空间采用完整场形式的场量进行迭代计算,并运用中心差分格式离散极化电流密度辅助方程.仿真实验表明,提出的算法具有无条件稳定特性,其计算效率明显优于以往文献提出的交替隐式FDTD方法,在精度和效率上也稍高于普通的显式FDTD方法.     

小型高速艇舱室减振降噪设计

小型高速艇的减振降噪是近几年经起重视的，本文通过对间接的，有限的噪声振动源资源的分析研究，预估了一类小型高速艇各舱室的噪声级，根据国外近期同类艇的噪声水平以及总体减振降噪和多方面约束条件综合测定了该艇的减振降噪方案，并在此基础上进行了声强激励和振动激励条件下舱室模型综合减振降噪效果试验，结果表明，所制定的减振降噪方案其效果良好，实艇实测结果达到设计指标要求。     

Effects of stimulus information and number of stimuli on sequential dependencies in absolute identification.

Three absolute identification experiments examined the effects on sequential dependencies of 2 factors: stimulus information and the number of stimuli used. Data were analyzed by multivariate information analysis. In Exp 1 with 5 university studentswith experience in absolute identification experiments, the stimulus modality was pure tone frequency under masking and no-masking conditions and 4, 6 10, and 16 tones were used. In Exp 2 with 5 university students, luminance levels of light circles were used as stimuli and number of luminance levels was 10 or 16. In Exp 3 with 6 university students, the stimuli were pointer positions along a horizontal line and they were presented either within a small or a large range to manipulate the stimulus information available. Results show that the sequential dependencies became larger as the stimulus information was decreased and as the number of stimuli was increased. Results are discussed in the context of models of sequential dependencies. Results of a multiple regression analysis on the data were compared with those of the information analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)