Die Unterkieferl?ngen der Rehb?cke einer Jahresstrecke des saarl?ndischen Saar-Pfalz-Kreises

Zusammenfassung Die Meßergebnisse der Unterkieferlängen von 396 Böcken werden mitgeteilt. Zwischen Unterkieferlänge und Gehörnqualität besteht eine mittelstarke positive Korrelation. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Unterkieferlänge eines Bockes nicht nur abhängig ist von den Umweltbedingungen, also demEisfeld- undEllenbergschen Konditionsfaktor, sondern auch von genetischen Einflüssen. Infolge einer unterschiedlichen relativen Häufigkeit dieser genetisch bedingten unterschiedlichen Unterkieferlängentypen innerhalb des Abschusses gegenüber der bejagten Ausgangspopulation kann das Ergebnis der mittleren Unterkieferlänge des Abschusses erheblich streuen. Das gleiche ist möglich durch eine gegenüber der Ausgangspopulation unterschiedliche relative Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Gehörnqualitäten innerhalb des Abschusses.

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Lower jaw length of the roe bucks in an annual bag of the Saar-Pfalz hunting district in the Saarland

Summary The lengths are given of the lower jaws of 396 bucks which were measured. There is a moderately strong positive correlation between lower jaw length and antler quality. It is shown that the lower jaw length of a buck depends not only on environmental conditions, i.e. theEisfeld- undEllenberg condition factor, but also on genetic influences. As the result of a varying relative frequency of these genetically dependent differences within the cull as opposed to the original population which was hunted, the mean lower jaw length in the culled animals can very considerably from the mean of the original population. Similar variation may be found in antler qualities within the cull as against the original population.

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Les longueurs de maxillaires inférieurs de brocards figurant au tableau d'une saison de chasse du district sarrois Sarre et Pfalz

Résumé Les résultats de mensurations de longueurs de maxillaires inférieurs de 396 brocards sont communiqués. Entre la longueur du maxillaire et la qualité des bois existe une corrélation positive moyennement significative. On montre que la longueur du maxillaire d'un brocard ne dépend pas seulement de conditions de milieu, c'est-à-dire qu'elle ne constitue pas seulement un indice de condition au sens où l'entendentEisfeld etEllenberg, mais qu'elle est aussi le produit d'influences génétiques.La fréquence relative des génotypes responsables des différentes longueurs de maxillaires relevées parmi ce tableau de chevreuils par rapport à la population d'origine peut expliquer la dispersion importante des valeurs observées. Une considération analogue peut être faite en ce qui concerne la fréquence relative des différentes qualités de trophées observée au sein du même échantillon.

     

An Optical Thermometer Exploiting Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate for Monitoring the Pantographs of High-Speed Trains

Optical thermometers have been widely investigated. Here, the temperature behavior of second harmonic generation (SHG) in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) substrates is analyzed; indeed, the QPM tuning in PPLN devices and the obtained SHG efficiency depend on the crystal thermal expansion and dispersion, particularly in the case of guided propagation. Therefore, such devices are suitable to realize optical thermometers for demanding applications. This investigation originated with the request of a thermometer to be installed on the pantographs of high-speed trains. Therefore, it must be sturdy and reliable, but it has even to work in an EMD environment. The temperature behavior of the SHG was theoretically modeled and experimentally validated at 1550 nm, in both bulk propagation and APE channel waveguides. In the first case, by using a 10-mW source, which was obtained from a laser diode and a fiber amplifier, an accuracy of 0.3 degC was found. The pump power was about three orders of magnitude smaller in guided propagation. In view of testing on the trains, our investigation resulted in the design of a device without mechanical contacts with the input and output fibers. Since it works in free propagation, there are no serious alignment and packaging problems. The performances, which are expected to be the same of our tests, widely satisfy all the requirements for working effectively in a strongly hostile and EMD environment and for giving accurate measurements on a wide range of temperatures     

BIC 3, the Latest Inertial Centrifugal Balance for Mass Measurement in Weightless Conditions

The paper describes BIC 3, the latest prototype of inertial balance made at INRIM (former IMGC–CNR) in view of its possible use on board the International Space Station. The main characteristic of this instrument is its ability to work both in weightless conditions and on Earth surface with metrological performances comparable to those of a laboratory-level classic balance. BIC 3, although still based on the same centrifugal method adopted in the two previous prototypes, widely differs from them as regards configuration (constant speed), main motor characteristics (here a stepping motor is used), force transducer (the integral beam of a commercially-available balance), and consequently shows metrological performances considerably improved. The main constructional features are described and the metrological characteristics resulted from on-Earth tests are reported and discussed. A test made of 175 measurements in the range 0–150 g showed an expanded uncertainty of 4.1 mg.     

Robust Multilayer Control for Enhanced Wireless Telemedical Video Streaming

M-health is an emerging area of research and one of the key challenges in future research in this area is medical video streaming over wireless channels. Contrasting requirements of almost lossless compression and low available bandwidth have to be tackled in medical quality video streaming in ultrasound and radiology applications. On one side, compression techniques need to be conservative, in order to avoid removing perceptively important information; on the other side, error resilience and correction should be provided, with the constraint of a limited bandwidth. A quality-driven, network-aware approach for joint source and channel coding based on a controller structure specifically designed for enhanced video streaming in a robotic teleultrasonography system is presented. The designed application based on robotic teleultrasonography is described and the proposed method is simulated in a wireless environment in two different scenarios; the video quality improvement achievable through the proposed scheme in such an application is remarkable, resulting in a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) improvement of more than 4 dB in both scenarios.     

Innovative class of curvilinear tetrahedral elements

An innovative class of curvilinear tetrahedral elements, based on rational Bezier volumes, is presented. The accuracy and effectiveness of this approach are investigated in a finite element framework and compared with those achieved with straight and conventional curvilinear elements     

Automatic phase stepping in fiber-optic ESPI by closed-loop gainswitching

In this paper, we describe a new technique for automatic phase stepping in fiber-optic Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI), useful in both single-point and imaging configurations. The proposed technique is based on closed-loop switching of the gain sign in the control loop used to stabilize the reference wavefront phase, with the aid of a Proportional-Integral (P.I.) controller. Simulation and experimental results are compared, showing that by a synchronization signal or by a proper choice of the feedback loop parameters, a sequence of π/2 steps of the reference wavefront phase, all of the same sign, is obtained, The residual fluctuation of each phase step amounts to ±2.5 mr over a bandwidth of 200 Hz. This level of phase stability is well suited for ESPI applications     

A Cooperative Nearest Neighbours Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In this article, we introduce a simple distributed algorithm that assigns appropriate individual transmission powers to devices in a wireless ad hoc network. In contrast to many other proposed algorithms, it does without special hardware. It requires only local neighbourhood information and therefore avoids flooding information throughout the network. Finally, the cooperative nature of the algorithm avoids that devices cause excessive interference by using unnecessarily high transmission powers. By means of simulation, we show that the topologies created by this algorithm without any global knowledge are as effective as topologies resulting from a good choice of a common transmission power (which would require global knowledge) in terms of the achievable throughput. This work was supported in part by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the IPonAir project.     

Modelling the respiration rate of fresh-cut Annurca apples to develop modified atmosphere packaging

In this work, the effect of temperature, oxygen, red coloration process and post-harvest storage time on the respiration rate of fresh-cut Annurca apples was studied to properly develop modified atmosphere packaging. Our results showed that the red coloration process and the post-harvest storage time did not affect the respiration rate or the respiratory quotient of fresh-cut Annurca apples in the range of temperature studied (5–20 °C). A Michaelis–Menten-type equation, with the model constants described by means of an Arrhenius-type relationship, was used for predicting respiration rate on varying the temperature and O₂ concentration in the head space. The maximal respiration rate (mL kg h⁻¹) (RR_max) and the O₂% corresponding to     values estimated at the reference temperature (12.5 °C), i.e. the average of the experimental temperature ranges, were, respectively, 6.77 ± 0.1 mL kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 0.68 ± 0.07% v/v, and the activation energy of the aerobic respiration rate of fresh-cut Annurca apples was estimated at 51 ± 1 kJ mol⁻¹. The model works well to develop a modified atmosphere for fresh-cut Annurca apples.     

Low-Speed Atomistic Simulation of Stick–Slip Friction using Parallel Replica Dynamics

Atomic stick–slip friction has been predicted by molecular dynamics simulation and observed in experiments. However, direct quantitative comparison of the two has thus far not been possible because of the large difference between scanning velocities accessible to simulations and experiments. In general, the slowest sliding speeds in MD simulations are at least five orders of magnitude larger than the upper limit available to experimentalists. To take a step toward bridging this gap, we have applied parallel replica dynamics, an accelerated molecular dynamics method, to the simulation of atomic stick–slip. The method allows molecular simulations to run parallel in time in order to extend their duration, thereby enabling lower scanning velocities. We show here that this method is able to predict atomic stick–slip friction accurately and efficiently at scanning speeds several orders of magnitude slower than standard molecular dynamics simulations. The accuracy and usefulness of this method is illustrated by correct prediction of the logarithmic dependence of friction on velocity.