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41.
42.
The caffeine content of 85 retail beverage samples purchased from local supermarkets between 1995 and 2004 was determined. The potential intake of caffeine through the consumption of these beverages (but excluding coffee) was estimated for students of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. The caffeine content of the beverages ranged from 47.5 to 282.5 mg l(-1) for teas, from 20.1 to 47.2 mg l(-1) for tea extracts samples, and from 80.7 to 168.7 mg l(-1) for cola soft drinks. Caffeine was not completely absent from caffeine-free colas, and energy drinks had a far greater caffeine content than regular drinks, ranging from 21 to 2175 mg l(-1). Soft drinks were consumed by 72% of the individuals, although 14% of the survey participants did not drink any of the different types of the beverages studied. Contrary to expectations for this age group, no consumptions of energy drinks was reported. Daily caffeine intake was estimated to range from 4.7 to 200 mg day(-1), but with only 5% reporting a daily intake around 200 mg caffeine. Cola-type beverages were an important dietary source of caffeine for the population studied. Statistical differences in the caffeine intake between the male and female populations were found, with p = 0.014, being higher for the male population. Of the beverages studied, cola-type drinks showed statistical differences for the male population, p = 0.03, and tea showed statistical differences for female population p = 0.013, respectively. 相似文献
43.
C Silveira RC Ferreira M Ferreira C Cotrim R Rasteiro RM Soares ML Ferreira AM Antunes 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,17(11):889-892
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the changes in the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2), during the early stages of cardiopulmonary exercise testing, can predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: We studied 38 patients (30 males, mean age 56 +/- 11 years) with chronic heart failure. All patients performed maximal symptom limited, treadmill exercise test with breath-by-breath respiratory gas analysis. They were divided in two groups according to their maximal oxygen consumption (group I-VO2max above 14 ml/kg/min and group II-VO2max below 14 ml/kg/min). In both groups, we analysed VE/VCO2 at rest, at the anaerobic threshold (AT) and at peak exercise, and the percentage of VE/VCO2 reduction from rest to AT. RESULTS: Eleven patients had a VO2max below 14 ml/kg/min (group II). At rest VE/VCO2 = 53 +/- 13 in group II versus 47 +/- 10 in group I (p = 0.048), at the AT VE/VCO2 = 46 +/- 12 in group II versus 36 +/- 7 in group I (p = 0.001) and at peak exercise VE/VCO2 = 46.2 +/- 13 in group II versus 36.2 +/- 6 in group I (p = 0.0002). There was a 24% reduction in the VE/VCO2, from rest to AT in group I, compared to a 16% reduction in group II (p = 0.004). A reduction in the VE/VCO2 from rest to AT less than 16% predicted a VO2max below 14 ml/kg/min with a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe functional impairment have higher values of VE/VCO2 in all exercise stages. A reduction of VE/VCO2 from rest to anaerobic threshold of less than 16% is a high specific predictor of a VO2max below 14 ml/kg/min. 相似文献
44.
45.
V Silveira 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1988,38(12):3823-3826
46.
Understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of renovascular hypertension (RVH) is of paramount importance due to the severity of hypertension (HT) and renal insufficiency (RI). Moreover, adequate treatment by surgery and/or endovascular intervention can improve HT and revert RI. The comprehension of the pathophysiology of RVH had its origin on the experiments of Goldblatt which led to the recognition of the renin dependent, volume dependent, and mixed types. A continuum seems to exist, from an acute phase, supported by the endocrine renin angiotensin aldosterone system, evolving towards a chronic phase sustained by the local renin angiotensin system. The involved vasoconstrictor and mitogenic mechanisms may contribute to the arterial remodeling. The most common forms of pathology, i.e. atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia (FD), and Takayasu's arteritis, and their natural history, are described. The prevalence of RVH, ranging from 0.2% to more than 25%, depending on the clinical situation, is evidenced. Clinical symptoms and signs and the most important diagnostic tests are pointed out: functional tests (captopril test, postcaptopril renography, scintigraphy, and renin determinations) and anatomical tests (intravenous digital angiography and intrarterial angiography). New imaging techniques are also referred. A diagnostic work-up based on the index of clinical suspicion is described. The therapeutic goal is the resolution of the two main problems of RVH: hypertension and ischemic nephropathy. Revascularization is becoming mandatory either by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty mostly for FD and atheromatous non-ostial stenoses, or by surgery, which is preferred for patients with ostial or peripheral stenoses, aneuryms, occlusions and concomitant aortic disease. A better knowledge of RVH allows, not only diagnosis and treatment of one of the most frequent types of secondary hypertension, but also the control of the resulting ischemic nephropathy. 相似文献
47.
C Ferreira-do-Vale A Renzi GP Camargo WA Saad AC Luiz JV Menani JE Silveira LA Camargo 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1995,28(10):1097-1101
We determined the effects of two classical angiotensin II (ANG II) antagonists, [Sar1, Ala8]-ANG II and [Sar1, Thr8]-ANG II, and losartan (a nonpeptide and selective antagonist for the AT1 angiotensin receptors) on diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis and arterial blood pressure induced by ANG II administration into the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) of male Holtzman rats weighing 250-300 g. Urine was collected in rats submitted to a water load (5% body weight) 1 h later. The volume of the drug solutions injected was 0.5 microliters over 10-15 s. Pre-treatment with [Sar1, Ala8]-ANG II (12 rats) and [Sar1, Thr8]-ANG II (9 rats), at the dose of 60 ng reduced (13.7 +/- 1.0 vs 11.0 +/0 1.0 and 10.7 +/0 1.2, respectively), whereas losartan (14 rats) at the dose of 160 ng totally blocked (13.7 +/- 1.0 vs 7.6 +/- 1.5) the urine excretion induced by injection o 12 ng of ANG II (14 rats). [Sar1, Ala8]-ANG II impaired Na+ excretion (193 +/- 16 vs 120 +/- 19), whereas [Sar1, Thr8]-ANG II and losartan block Na+ excretion (193 +/- 16 vs 77 +/- 15 and 100 +/- 12, respectively) induced by ANG II. Similar effects induced by ANG II on K+ excretion were observed with [Sar1, Ala8]-ANG II, [Sar1, Thr8]- ANG II, and losartan pretreatment (133 +/- 18 vs 108 +/- 11, 80 +/- 12, and 82 +/- 15, respectively). The same doses as above of [Sar1, Ala8]-ANG II (8 rats), [Sar1, Thr8]-ANG II (8 rats), and losartan (9 rats) blocked the increase in the arterial blood pressure induced by 12 ng of ANG II (12 rats) (32 +/- 4 vs 4 +/- 2, 3.5 +/- 1, and 2 +/- 1, respectively. The results indicate that the AT1 receptor subtype participates in the increases of diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis and arterial blood pressure induced by the administration of ANG II into the MnPO. 相似文献
48.
Vde P Teixeira MB Araújo MA dos Reis L dos Reis SA Silveira ML Rodrigues J Franquini Júnior 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,87(5):552-554
A non-parametric estimator of the AIDS survival time (after developing AIDS) is computed for the AIDS data set from the US Air Force (USAF). Survival times are unobservable. They are censored by the screening mechanism. The Armstrong Laboratory's Epidemiologic Research Division maintains data on over 954 active duty US Air Force (USAF) individuals who tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. Many have been clinically evaluated seven times since 1986. The HIV-positive individual is classified in seven stages of the disease complex as time progresses. Exact times of transition from one stage to the next are unknown. It is known that transition occurred between two consecutive evaluations. The aim of this study is to analyse distributions of the times that individuals spend in each stage of the HIV disease complex. We will discuss methods used to obtain non-parametric estimators of the distribution of times that individuals spend in stage 6. Finally, it is hoped to model the median time spent in each stage of the disease. This, along with incidence and separation data, will allow the prediction of the impact of HIV disease on USAF individuals and medical care systems. 相似文献
49.
A. Silveira Jr. T. J. Weslowski T. A. Weil V. Kumar J. P. Gillespie 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1971,48(11):661-664
A general method for the synthesis of long chain α,β-alkynoic acids from β-keto esters is described. The synthesis involves
conversion of the β-keto ester to the corresponding pyrazolone, then halogenation and treatment of the resultant 4,4-dihalo
product with dilute aqueous alkali to form the α,β-alkynoic acids. Specifically, 2-octynoic, 2-nonynoic and 2-decadecynoic
acids were prepared as representative examples. If the β-keto ester has an alkyl group at the α-position, the final product
is a mixture ofcis andtrans α-substituted-α,β-unsaturated alkenoic acids, which may be separated by gas-liquid chromatography. Pertinent IR and proton
magnetic resonance data are used in characterizing the stereochemistry of products and a possible mechanism for the product
forming reactions is presented.
Presented in part at the AOCS Meeting, October 1966. 相似文献
50.
A. Silveira Jr. Y. Masuda S. S. Chang 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(2):85-86
Gas chromatography of the volatile by-products produced during the catalytic hydrogenation of an autoxidized soybean oil with
a peroxide number of 11.2 meq/kg yielded approx 41 peaks. Twenty-one of the gas chromatographic fractions were collected and
rechromatographed, and their chemical identity studied with micro-iR and mass spectrophotometry. These volatile by-products,
according to peak area of gas chromatogram, showed a predominance of hydrocarbons and alcohols.
The fractions which have been identified aren-octane,n-nonane,n-decane,n-heptadecane,n-hexanol,n-heptanol,n-decanol,n-hexanal,n-decanal and 3-nonanone. Among the gas chromatographic fractions collected,n-decanol has an odor most reminiscent of that of catalytic hydrogenation.
Supported by a PHS research grant HE-06411 from the National Heart Institute, Public Health Service.
Paper of the Journal Series, N.J. Agricultural Exper. Sta., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Dept. of Food Science,
New Brunswick. 相似文献