A low cost, non-individualized surround sound system based upon head related transfer functions: an ergonomics study and prototype development

This paper reports on the types and magnitudes of localization errors of simulated binaural direction cues generated using non-individualized, head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) with different levels of complexity. Four levels of complexity, as represented by the number of non-zero coefficients of the associated HRTF filters (128, 64, 32, 18 non-zero coefficients), were studied. Experiment 1 collected 1728 data runs that were exhaustive combinations of the four levels of complexity, nine simulated directions of sound (no direction (i.e., diotical-mono), 0 degrees , 45 degrees , 90 degrees , 135 degrees , 180 degrees , 225 degrees , 270 degrees , and 315 degrees azimuth angles at 0 degrees elevation), two repetitions, and 24 participants). Binaural cues generated from HRTFs of reduced complexity (from 128 to 18 non-zero coefficients) produced significantly higher localization errors for the directions of 45 degrees , 135 degrees , 225 degrees , and 315 degrees azimuth angles (p<0.01). From the directions of 0 degrees , 90 degrees , and 270 degrees azimuth angles, the cues produced by HRTFs with reduced complexity did not affect the localization error (p>0.2). Surprisingly, cues produced by HRTFs of 128 non-zero coefficients did not have the lowest number of errors. From 45 degrees , 135 degrees , 225 degrees , and 315 degrees , the lowest numbers of errors were obtained from cues produced by HRTFs of 64, 32, 32, and 64 non-zero coefficients, respectively. Based on these findings, a prototype virtual headphone-based surround-sound (VHSS) system was developed. A double-blind usability experiment with 32 participants indicated that the prototype VHSS system received significantly better surround-sound ratings than did a Dolby stereo system (p<0.02). This paper reports results from an original ergonomics study and the application of these results to the design of a consumer product.     

Computation of madalines' sensitivity to input and weight perturbations

The sensitivity of a neural network's output to its input and weight perturbations is an important measure for evaluating the network's performance. In this letter, we propose an approach to quantify the sensitivity of Madalines. The sensitivity is defined as the probability of output deviation due to input and weight perturbations with respect to overall input patterns. Based on the structural characteristics of Madalines, a bottom-up strategy is followed, along which the sensitivity of single neurons, that is, Adalines, is considered first and then the sensitivity of the entire Madaline network. By means of probability theory, an analytical formula is derived for the calculation of Adalines' sensitivity, and an algorithm is designed for the computation of Madalines' sensitivity. Computer simulations are run to verify the effectiveness of the formula and algorithm. The simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical results.     

The synthesis of elastin, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans by high density primary cultures of neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle. An ultrastructural and biochemical study

Primary cultures of neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells inoculated at high densities (1 X 10(6) cells/25 cm2 Falcon flask) with adequate nutrient media and pH control grow rapidly and form multilayers of cells with typical "hill and valley" organization. After 10 days growth insoluble elastin formation could be visualized by phase contrast microscopy as small particles which grew rapidly to become larger irregular refractile aggregates and later coalesced to form larger aggregates and small fibres. With light and electronmicroscopy, elastin was the predominant matrix protein formed, with the "hill regions" of cultures containing abundant elastin aggregates and some collagen. In 2-week-old cultures differentiation could be observed within the cell multilayer. The older deeper cells contained more protein synthesis organelles and myofilaments and were in close association with large often coalescing elastin aggregates; compared to younger more superficial cells which contained more free polyribosomes less myofilaments, and were associated with fewer and small elastin aggregates. In older cultures this differentiation was not apparent; the cells contained many myofilaments, dense bodies, and lysosomes. Elastin aggregates and newly formed elastic fibres were abundant in the matrix. Quantitative analysis of insoluble elastin formation in the cell layer during the 4-week culture period indicated continuous biosynthesis and deposition which paralleled that of desmosine formation. Amino-acid analysis of a hot alkali insoluble residue (regarded as elastin) from 30-day-old cultures gave a profile identical with neonatal rat aortic elastin in vivo. Insoluble collagen formation in the cell layer tended to plateau after the log phase of growth was completed (10 days). Proteoglycans were found predominantly in the supernatant media. Glycosaminoglycan analysis revealed a profile of dermatan sulphate (32%), chondroitin 4-sulphate (43%), keratan and heparan sulphate (30%), with only a trace of hyaluronic acid. This study indicates that primary cultures of neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells remain differentiated in culture and have the unique capacity to continue to synthesize and deposit large amounts (mg) of insoluble elastin which aggregate and from elastic fibres in vitro.     

Modeling and measurement of simultaneous switching noise coupling through signal via transition

The signal via is a heavily utilized interconnection structure in high-density System-on-Package (SoP) substrates and printed circuit boards (PCBs). Vias facilitate complicated routings in these multilayer structures. Significant simultaneous switching noise (SSN) coupling occurs through the signal via transition when the signal via suffers return current interruption caused by reference plane exchange. The coupled SSN decreases noise and timing margins of digital and analog circuits, resulting in reduction of achievable jitter performance, bit error ratio (BER), and system reliability. We introduce a modeling method to estimate SSN coupling based on a balanced transmission line matrix (TLM) method. The proposed modeling method is successfully verified by a series of time-domain and frequency-domain measurements of several via transition structures. First, it is clearly verified that SSN coupling causes considerable clock waveform distortion, increases jitter and noise, and reduces margins in pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) eye patterns. We also note that the major frequency spectrum component of the coupled noise is one of the plane pair resonance frequencies in the PCB power/ground pair. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the amount of SSN noise coupling is strongly dependent not only on the position of the signal via, but also on the layer configuration of the multilayer PCB. Finally, we have successfully proposed and confirmed a design methodology to minimize the SSN coupling based on an optimal via positioning approach.     

Aqueous-Base-Developable Benzocyclobutene (BCB)-Based Material Curable in Air

A positive-tone and aqueous-base-developable benzocyclobutene (BCB)-based dielectric material curable in air is described in this paper. The prepolymer is made from divinylsiloxane bisbenzocyclobutene (DVS-bisBCB) and BCB-acrylic acid. The formulation contains antioxidants that allow the prepolymer to cure in air and a diazonaphthaquinone to make it photosensitive. Patterned films have high resolution, and via openings are scum-free without a descum operation. Whether cured in nitrogen or in air, the prepolymer produces a film with optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties desirable for many microelectronic applications, such as packaging applications and as a planarization or insulation layer in display applications     

Closed-form unbiased frequency estimation of a noisy sinusoid using notch filters

In this note, the problem of the frequency estimation of a sinusoid embedded in white noise is considered. The approach used herein is the minimization of the sample variance of the output of constrained notch filters fed by the noisy sinusoid. In particular, this note focuses on closed-form expressions of the frequency estimate, which can be obtained using notch filters having an all-zeros finite-impulse response (FIR) structure. The results presented in this note are as follows: 1) it is shown that the FIR notch filters obtained from standard second-order infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters are inadequate; 2) a new second-order IIR notch filter is proposed, which provides an unbiased estimate of the frequency; 3) the FIR filter obtained from the new IIR filter provides a closed-form unbiased frequency estimate; and 4) the closed-form frequency estimate obtained using the new FIR notch filter asymptotically converges toward the Pisarenko harmonic decomposition estimator and the Yule-Walker estimator.     

Mapping Conjugate Gradient Algorithms for Neutron Diffusion Applications onto SIMD, MIMD, and Mixed-Mode Machines

The performance of conjugate gradient (CG) algorithms for the solution of the system of linear equations that results from the finite-differencing of the neutron diffusion equation was analyzed on SIMD, MIMD, and mixed-mode parallel machines. A block preconditioner based on the incomplete Cholesky factorization was used to accelerate the conjugate gradient search. The issues involved in mapping both the unpreconditioned and preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms onto the mixed-mode PASM prototype, the SIMD MasPar MP-1, and the MIMD Intel Paragon XP/S are discussed. On PASM , the mixed-mode implementation outperformed either SIMD or MIMD alone. Theoretical performance predictions were analyzed and compared with the experimental results on the MasPar MP-1 and the Paragon XP/S. Other issues addressed include the impact on execution time of the number of processors used, the effect of the interprocessor communication network on performance, and the relationship of the number of processors to the quality of the preconditioning. Applications studies such as this are necessary in the development of software tools for mapping algorithms onto either a single parallel machine or a heterogeneous suite of parallel machines.     

Determination of load carrying ability of chemical films developed in sliding point contact

It has already been known for many years that the use of some extreme-pressure (EP), antiwear or friction modifier (FM) additives in mineral oils can produce different kind of boundary or chemical reaction films on sliding contact surfaces of some kinds of steel in boundary lubrication conditions. Using a sliding ball-on-disc configuration lubricated with some kinds of EP or FM, the wear scars on the balls can always reach the same limit size at a specified applied load and sliding velocity. From the fact that the limit sizes of wear scars decrease as sliding speed is increased or applied load is decreased, the load carrying ability of a chemical film can be obtained by extrapolating the data to the condition of zero sliding speed and is so defined that if the contact pressure is greater than this load carrying ability, the contact surfaces will continuously be worn; if the contact pressure is smaller than it, no more wear will occur on the surfaces. Based on this load carrying ability, the hydrodynamic effect of sliding pairs can also be identified. Therefore, the limit size of wear scar at specified sliding speed and applied load can also be predicted in a mixed lubrication condition.     

Cooling effect of oil cooling method on electric vehicle motors with hairpin winding

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The cooling effect of oil cooling method on electric vehicle motors with hairpin winding is analyzed. A 160 kW motor being developed by a commercial...     

Electrochemical characterization of alternate conducting carbazole-bisthiophene units

An electrochemical and theoretical character of alternate copolymer of carbazole and bithiophene units was investigated. Polymerization is processed as two steps bielectronic oxidation of molecule. With monoelectronic oxidation is connected stable radical cation with spin located mainly on carbazole. The electrochemical properties of polymer are dependent on thickness of film deposited on electrode. In case of the thin layers one it is observed characteristic redox couple of carbazole oxidation to radical cation. Analysis of polymer behavior and results of spectrochemical measurements indicate on mixed type of electroconductivity.Molecular structures, HOMO-LUMO gaps and nature of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals were also studied in presented work for oligomers ranging from monomer to octamer. The studies applied density functional theory (DFT).