Enzyme activity and biochemical changes of three date palm cultivars with different softening pattern during ripening

The physicochemical composition changes during palm ripening were studied. The activities of invertase and cell wall-modifying enzymes, namely pectin methylesterase (PME), β-galactosidase (β-Gal), endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase (EGase), and cellulase were monitored during growth and ripening of Shahani, Piarom and Deiry cultivars with different textures. Also, we estimated the concentrations of six organic acids by HPLC. Reducing sugars, most of organic acid, pH and TSS increased up to the full-ripe stage of all date types. On the contrary, moisture, macro and microelements and proteins decreased during the same period. Despite a considerable rise in invertase activity (200 units) during ripening of Shahani, no significant trend could be discerned in Deiry cultivar (8 units) at different stages. Our results also showed that cell wall enzymes were increased in activity during ripening and these increases were coincident with fruit softening. Furthermore, our results showed that the composition and the variation of the chemical compositions mainly depended on the cultivar and maturity stage.     

Critical assessment of methods for measurement of temperature profiles and heat load history in microwave heating processes—A review

Limitations of microwave processing due to inhomogeneities of power input and energy absorption have been widely described. Over- and underheated product areas influence reproducibility, product quality, and possibly safety. Although a broad range of methods is available for temperature measurement and evaluation of time/temperature effects, none of them is sufficiently able to detect temperature differences and thermally induced effects within the product caused by inhomogeneous heating. The purpose of this review is to critically assess different methods of temperature measurement for their suitability for different microwave applications, namely metallic temperature sensors, thermal imaging, pyrometer measurement, fiber optic sensors, microwave radiometry, magnetic resonance imaging, liquid crystal thermography, thermal paper, and biological and chemical time-temperature indicators. These methods are evaluated according to their advantages and limitations, method characteristics, and potential interference with the electric field. Special attention is given to spatial resolution, accuracy, handling, and purpose of measurement, that is, development work or online production control. Differences of methods and examples of practical application and failure in microwave-assisted food processing are discussed with a special focus on microwave pasteurization and microwave-assisted drying. Based on this assessment, it is suggested that infrared cameras for measuring temperature distribution at the product surface and partially inside the product in combination with a chemical time/temperature indicator (e.g., Maillard reaction, generating heat-induced color variations, depending on local energy absorption) appear to be the most appropriate system for future practical application in microwave food process control, microwave system development, and product design. Reliable detection of inhomogeneous heating is a prerequisite to counteracte inhomogeneity by a targeted adjustment of process and product parameters in microwave applications.     

Burst‐aware virtual machine migration for improving performance in the cloud

Burst is a common pattern in the user's requirements, which suddenly increases the workload of virtual machines (VMs) and reduces the performance and energy efficiency of cloud computing systems (CCS). Virtualization technology with the ability to migrate VMs attempts to solve this problem. By migration, VMs can be dynamically consolidated to the users' requests. Burst temporarily increases the workload. Ignoring this issue will lead to incorrect decisions regarding the migration of VMs. It increases the number of migrations and Service Level Agreement Violations (SLAVs) due to overload. This may cause waste of resources, increase in energy consumption, and misplaced VMs. Therefore, a burst‐aware method for these issues is proposed in this paper. The method consists of two algorithms: one for determining the migration time and the other for the placement of VMs. We use the PlanetLab real dataset and CloudSim simulator to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results confirm the advantages of the method regarding performance compared to benchmark methods.     

Monolayer Boron Nitride Substrate Interactions with Graphene Under In-Plane and Perpendicular Strains: A First-Principles Study

Effects of strain on the electronic and optical properties of graphene on monolayer boron nitride (BN) substrate are investigated using first-principle calculations based on density functional theory. Strain-free graphene/BN has a small band gap of 97 meV at the K point. The magnitude of band gap increases with in-plane biaxial strain while it decreases with the perpendicular uniaxial strain. The \( \varepsilon_{2} (\omega ) \) spectrum of graphene/BN bilayer for parallel polarization shows red and blue shifts by applying the in-plane tensile and compressive strains, respectively. Also the positions of peaks in the \( \varepsilon_{2} (\omega ) \) spectrum are not significantly changed under perpendicular strain. The calculated results indicate that graphene on the BN substrate has great potential in microelectronic and optoelectronic applications.     

Preparation of Pulse Electrodeposited Ni-B Coating with RSM Software and Evaluation of Its Microhardness and Electrochemical Behavior

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - In this study, the electrodeposition parameters were optimized to attain Ni-B alloy coatings with high hardness and corrosion resistance. The optimum...     

Two new methods for ranking of Z‐numbers based on sigmoid function and sign method

This paper introduces two processes of ranking methods on Z‐numbers that are effectively able to deal with uncertain decision‐making data. Decision making is based on recommended Z‐ numbers. For this purpose first, the Z‐number is transformed to a fuzzy number and then the ranking method by using the sigmoid function and the sign method is used to mention fuzzy numbers. For the next step, the method is extended to related Z‐numbers. Finally, we use it to prioritize the items and solve some examples.     

Using structural information for distributed recommendation in a social network

Social networks are social structures that depict relational structure of different entities. The most important entities are usually located in strategic locations within the network. Users from such positions play important roles in spreading the information. The purpose of this research is to make a connection between, information related to structural positions of entities and individuals advice selection criteria in a friendship or trust network. We explore a technique used to consider both frequency of interactions and social influence of the users. We show, in our model, that individual positions within a network structure can be treated as a useful source of information in a recommendation exchange process. We then implement our model as a trust-based exchange mechanism in NetLogo, which is a multi-agent programmable modeling environment. The experimental results demonstrate that structural position of entities can indeed retain significant information about the whole network. Utilizing social influence of entities leads to an increase in overall utility of the system.