Surgical significance of extrahepatic biliary tree anomalies

A patient with an anomalous insertion of the right hepatic duct into the cystic duct was noted during cholecystectomy and confirmed by operative cholangiography. This case and related anomalies of the bile ducts are of sufficient importance that, because of the technical difficulties and dangers incidental to their presence, no surgeon who operates on the gallbladder and bile ducts can afford to be unaware of their existence. Adequate exposure, careful dissection, and accurate knowledge of the regional anatomy plus a realization of the frequency and multiplicity of abnormalities of the extrahepatic biliary tree are requisites for safe biliary tract surgery. In addition, carefully performed operative cholangiography can be an indispensable aid in the clarification of anatomic variations. In case of recognized operative injury to the extrahepatic biliary tree, primary repair or biliary-intestinal anastomosis can usually be carried out with good results.     

Abschätzung der Schwingfestigkeit nitrierter bauteilähnlicher Proben mit Hilfe normierter Wöhlerstreubänder

Estimation of fatigue strength of nitrided samples by means of standardized Wöhler diagram Based on results of rotation bending tests of the annealed and nitrided steel 31CrMoV9 statistic verified S-N-curves were estimated. The location of the failure initiation point, surface or subsurface, has an importened influence on the parameters of the S-N-curve. The origin of failure mainly depends of the specimen geometry, the structure of the nitrided case and the load conditions. For smooth and notched specimens with subsurface failure the fatigue strength can be calculated by Kogaev and Serensen and the standardized Wöhler diagram can be used for fatigue limit calculation independently of the structure of nitrided core.     

An Atomistic Understanding of Allosteric Inhibition of Glutamate Racemase: a Dampening of Native Activation Dynamics

Glutamate racemases (GR) are members of the family of bacterial enzymes known as cofactor-independent racemases and epimerases and catalyze the stereoinversion of glutamate. D-amino acids are universally important for the proper construction of viable bacterial cell walls, and thus have been repeatedly validated as attractive targets for novel antimicrobial drug design. Significant aspects of the mechanism of this challenging stereoinversion remain unknown. The current study employs a combination of MD and QM/MM computational approaches to show that the GR from H. pylori must proceed via a pre-activation step, which is dependent on the enzyme's flexibility. This mechanism is starkly different from previously proposed mechanisms. These findings have immediate pharmaceutical relevance, as the H. pylori GR enzyme is a very attractive allosteric drug target. The results presented in this study offer a distinctly novel understanding of how AstraZeneca's lead series of inhibitors cripple the H. pylori GR's native motions, via prevention of this critical chemical pre-activation step. Our experimental studies, using SPR, fluorescence and NMR WaterLOGSY, show that H. pylori GR is not inhibited by the uncompetitive mechanism originally put forward by Lundqvist et al.. The current study supports a deep connection between native enzyme motions and chemical reactivity, which has strong relevance to the field of allosteric drug discovery.     

二氧化氯生产方法和装置

叙述了二氧化氯的生产装置,包括圆柱形绝缘主体管;横截面为多边形,具有３层结构的中空内侧对应电极柱,筛状导电管夹在２个导电柱之间,该导电柱由多孔陶瓷和金属粉末的混合物组成;圆柱形外侧对置电极嵌在上述主体管中,其３层结构的组成材料与内侧对应电极柱相同;臭氧检测传感器;二氧化氯检测传感器;电压差传感器开关;中空内侧对置电极柱与外侧电极柱同轴,在应用电场内都产生不均衡的电流密度。介绍了在上述装置中生成二氧     

Modeling of transducer fields in inhomogeneous anisotropic materials using Gaussian beam superposition

This article describes a three-dimensional Gaussian beam model for calculating transducer-generated ultrasonic wave fields in inhomogeneous anisotropic media. The model is based on a formulation presented recently for homogeneous anisotropic materials. The inhomogeneity is modeled by dividing the material into several homogeneous layers, the approach accounting for the propagation through the various layers and the reflection/refraction processes at the interfaces. It thus calculates ultrasonic field patterns, including proper amplitude information and allows a quick evaluation of the sound fields. Application of the model in view of ultrasonic nondestructive testing of layered composite material and of austenitic steel components is addressed. In the latter case, examples are given for various weldment structures, wherein ultrasonic inspection using commercial angle beam transducers is of interest.     

Mammalian Exocrine Secretions. XII: Constituents of Interdigital Secretions of Bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, and Blesbok, D. d. phillipsi

In addition to the nine compounds identified in the interdigital secretion of the bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, in a previous study, 76 compounds belonging to different compound types, were identified in the interdigital secretions of the bontebok and the blesbok, D. d. phillipsi. These compounds include alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, fatty acids, terpenoids, -lactones, an isopropyl ester, long-chain hydroxyesters, 2-substituted pyridines, phenols, steroids, and dimethylsulfone. No qualitative differences were found between secretions from the two sexes or from animals from different habitats. Although no attempt was made to correlate territorial behavior or other behavioral phenomena with the qualitative composition of interdigital secretions from individual animals, available information seems to indicate that quantitative differences probably do not have a major semiochemical function. Only two species of bacteria, Bacillus brevis and Planococcus citreus, were found in the interdigital pouches of male and female members of the two subspecies, regardless of the habitat of the animals. B. brevis synthesized, among other unidentified constituents, (Z)-3-penten-2-ol, 2-hexanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid, and isopropyl hexadecanoate in vitro, while P. citreus produced, among others, the -lactones dodecan-4-olide and (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide, which is one of the major constituents of the interdigital secretions of both subspecies. Some components of the interdigital secretions are not present in the interdigital glandular tissue, and the possibility is discused that these compounds could be produced by microbiological activity in the interdigital pouch.