微滤法脱除皮革废水中有机物性能的研究

研究了微滤法脱除皮革废水中有机物的性能,并考察了其影响因素,对其主要操作条件进行了优化.试验中以COD指标来表征微滤法对有机物的脱除性能.其对皮革废水中COD去除率约为40%,酸性条件有利于COD去除,最佳操作pH为5,且蛋白质并不是影响皮革废水中COD水平的主导因素.同时比较了微滤法、活性炭吸附、生物吸附、超滤等方法对皮革废水中COD的脱除性能.     

A non‐isothermal finite element model for injection stretch‐blow molding of PET bottles with parametric studies

A non‐isothermal finite element (FE) model for the injection stretch‐blow molding (ISBM) process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is presented in this paper. The constitutive behavior of PET is modeled by the physically based Buckley glass‐rubber model in form of UMAT in ABAQUS. The heat transfer between the stretch rod, the preform, and the mold is modeled. Particular attention is paid to thermal and contact modeling, material model, and selection of proper element types. Extensive FE simulations are carried out to model ISBM of a 20 g‐330 ml bottle made in plant tests. Comparisons of numerical results with the measurements demonstrate that the model can satisfactorily predict the bottle thickness and material distributions. Significant nonlinear differentials are found in strain, temperature, and temperature reduction rate in both bottle thickness and length direction during the process. A volume approach is therefore necessary for accurate predictions of final bottle properties because they are governed by orientation and crystallinity, which are highly temperature and strain dependent. Parametric studies on contact modeling and heat transfer coefficient are also conducted and the results are discussed. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1379–1390, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Humidity‐sensitive properties of new polyelectrolytes based on the copolymers containing phosphonium salt and phosphine function

A simple strategy was developed based on a new reactive function‐ and a salt‐containing new monomer, 4‐vinylbenzyl dimethyl 2‐(dimethylphosphino)ethyl phosphonium chloride (VDEPC), to obtain stable humidity‐sensitive membranes. The major ingredient of a humid membrane is crosslinked polyelectrolytes obtained from copolymers of VDEPC/2‐ethylhexyl acrylate (2‐EHA) = 1/0, 4/1, and 2/1. Isothermal humidity absorption experiments were performed for the estimation of humidity‐sensing materials. The crosslinked copolymers prepared from the reaction of VDEPC/2‐EHA = 4/1 with 1,4‐dichlorobutane showed an average impedance of 595, 39.1, and 3.9 KΩ at 30, 60, and 90% RH, respectively. Their hysteresis, temperature dependence, frequency dependence, and response time were measured. The reliability including water resistance and a long‐term stability were estimated for the application of the common humidity sensor. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1062–1070, 2003     

关于图像反走样的理论及应用

图像反走样是用于提升图像质量的一个重要环节。导致图像失真的主要原因是由于采样频率过低及重建过滤器的质量低下。在实时渲染的应用中,随着硬件的发展及渲染架构的改变,主流反走样技术逐渐从硬件加速模式发展到后处理模式。纯后处理算法由于缺失子像素信息,无法生成高质量的反走样图像。针对这一问题,混合反走样在保留了后处理反走样效率的同时,通过结合多重采样能提供更精确的边缘处理,并保证图像在时序上的稳定性。     

CO hydrogenation over potassium-promoted Fe/carbon catalysts

The effects of potassium on the catalytic behavior in CO hydrogenation over K-promoted Fe/carbon catalysts having low K/Fe ratios were investigated. Even though the doses of potassium were low the promotional effects were pronounced, especially on the olefin-to-paraffin ratio, and theC ₃ toC ₄ olefin selectivities of the K-promoted catalysts were as high as 51 to 66 mol%. Over the catalysts having no or low potassium content the olefin-to-paraffin ratio and the ratio of the CO₂ formation rate to the rate of CO conversion to hydrocarbons remained roughly the same regardless of temperature, while over the K-promoted catalysts having higher potassium content they increased with temperature. Formation of significant amounts of filamentous carbon was observed in the K-promoted catalysts; however, the carbon deposition did not appear to affect the inherent activity and selectivity of the K-promoted catalysts.     

Adsorption of benzoic acid by CTAB exchanged montmorillonite

This paper reports the adsorption of benzoic acid from water on cetyl trimethylammonium exchanged montmorillonite (CTAB-montmorillonite). Important factors are the adsorbent concentration, ionic strength, equilibrium time and pH. The largest adsorption is at pH 9. The adsorption kinetics data fitted the pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption isotherms at different pH were linear indicating a partition mechanism. Up to about 61% of the dissolved benzoic acid was adsorbed by CTAB-montmorillonite. These results indicate that CTAB-montmorillonite is a potential adsorbent for benzoic acid.     

Graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto polyphenylene sulfide nonwoven initiated by low temperature plasma

Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) onto polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) nonwoven initiated by low temperature plasma was studied. The effects of various conditions on graft reaction and the grafting rate were investigated. SEM images showed that PPS nonwoven was grafted, and the graft copolymerization only occurred on the surface of PPS. It may be due to the chain transference going with the graft copolymerization. It was found that with the increasing of plasma power, treatment time, space between electrodes, monomer concentration, and temperature of graft polymerization, the grafting rate increased at first, went to the top, and then decreased. The PPS nonwoven surface graft reaction could be optimized by the following processing conditions: 120 s of plasma treatment time, 50 W of plasma power, 1.5 cm of space between electrodes, 30% (w/w) of monomer concentration, and 50°C of temperature of graft polymerization. Measurement of XPS showed that the peak of C1s of graft polyacrylic acid was existed, and the peak area increased with the increase of the grafting rate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5884–5889, 2006     

Toughening of vinylester–urethane hybrid resins through functionalized polymers

Liquid nitrile rubber, hyperbranched polyester, and core/shell rubber particles of various functionality, namely, vinyl, carboxyl, and epoxy, were added up to 20 wt % to a bisphenol‐A‐based vinylester–urethane hybrid (VEUH) resin to improve its toughness. The toughness was characterized by the fracture toughness (K_c) and energy (G_c) determined on compact tensile (CT) specimens at ambient temperature. Toughness improvement in VEUH was mostly achieved when the modifiers reacted with the secondary hydroxyl groups of the bismethacryloxy vinyl ester resin and with the isocyanate of the polyisocyanate compound, instead of participating in the free‐radical crosslinking via styrene copolymerization. Thus, incorporation of carboxyl‐terminated liquid nitrile rubber (CTBN) yielded the highest toughness upgrade with at least a 20 wt % modifier content. It was, however, accompanied by a reduction in both the stiffness and glass transition temperature (T_g) of the VEUH resin. Albeit functionalized (epoxy and vinyl, respectively) hyperbranched polymers were less efficient toughness modifiers than was CTBN, they showed no adverse effect on the stiffness and T_g. Use of core/shell modifiers did not result in toughness improvement. The above changes in the toughness response were traced to the morphology assessed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and fractographic inspection of the fracture surface of broken CT specimens. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 672–680, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10392     

Sliding‐Mode Velocity Control of a Two‐Wheeled Self‐Balancing Vehicle

Underactuated vehicles are those in which the number of control inputs is less than the degrees of freedom to be controlled. Using actuated wheels, velocity control of the two‐wheeled self‐balancing vehicle drives the vehicle at a desired speed and balances the body of the vehicle. First, we investigate the effects of friction on the wheel and derive the hybrid model of rolling and slipping. Second, we propose a nonlinear sliding mode velocity control scheme for the pure rolling model of the two‐wheeled vehicle. We present the design of the corresponding sliding surfaces and internal dynamics of the two‐wheeled vehicle. Our stability analysis reveals that the proposed sliding mode method can guarantee the asymptotic stability of the error dynamics for velocity control of the underactuated vehicle. Compared to linear optimal control, our numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed sliding mode schemes can effectively control the velocity under the circumstances of parametric variations, emergency braking, and rapid acceleration in slippery road conditions. The proposed velocity control and the simulation improve our understanding on designing velocity control of the two‐wheeled self‐balancing vehicle.     

A New Robust Adaptive Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems and Pendulum Application

A new robust adaptive control of uncertain nonlinear systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed method combines sliding mode control with the immersion and invariance (I&I) adaptive scheme, and it has more available degrees of freedom than using the backstepping scheme. Via the proposed method, a class of nonlinear systems with mismatched parametric perturbations can be rendered asymptotically stable and the performance of the system can also be improved. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a simple pendulum with motor dynamics, and simulation results show the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method.