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71.
Wei Lai Lihong Ge Huaming Li Yilin Deng Bin Xu Bo Ouyang Erjun Kan 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(53):26861-26872
The electrochemical water splitting to produce H2 in high efficiency with earth-abundant-metal catalysts remains a challenge. Here, we describe a simple “cyclic voltammetry + ageing” protocol at room temperature to activate Ni electrode (AC-Ni/NF) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), by which Ni/Ni(OH)2 heterostructure is formed at the surface. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals the gradual growth of Ni/Ni(OH)2 heterostructure during the first 30 min of the aging treatment and combined with polarization measurements, it suggests a positive relation between the Ni/Ni(OH)2 amount and HER performance of the electrode. The obtained AC-Ni/NF catalyst, with plentiful Ni–Ni(OH)2 interfaces, exhibits remarkable performance towards HER, with the low overpotential of only 30 mV at a H2-evolving current density of 10 mA/cm2 and 153 mV at 100 mA/cm2, as well as a small Tafel slope of 46.8 mV/dec in 1 M KOH electrolyte at ambient temperature. The excellent HER performance of the AC-Ni/NF could be maintained for at least 24 h without obvious decay. Ex situ experiments and in situ electrochemical-Raman spectroscopy along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Ni/Ni(OH)2 heterostructure, although partially reduced, can still persist during HER catalysis and it is the Ni–Ni(OH)2 interface reducing the energy barrier of H1 adsorption thus promoting the HER performance. 相似文献
72.
Wang Hay Kan Chenxi Wei Dongchang Chen Tao Bo Bao‐Tian Wang Yan Zhang Yangchao Tian Jun‐Sik Lee Yijin Liu Guoying Chen 《Advanced functional materials》2019,29(17)
Lithium‐rich disordered rock‐salt oxides have attracted great interest owing to their promising performance as Li‐ion battery cathodes. While experimental and theoretical efforts are critical in advancing this class of materials, a fundamental understanding of key property changes upon Li extraction is largely missing. In the present study, single‐crystal synthesis of a new disordered rock‐salt cathode material, Li1.3Ta0.3Mn0.4O2 (LTMO), and its use as a model compound to investigate Li concentration–driven evolution of local cationic ordering, charge compensation, and chemical distribution are reported. Through the combined use of 2D and 3D X‐ray nanotomography, it is shown that Li removal accompanied by oxygen oxidation is correlated with the development of morphological defects such as particle cracking. Chemical heterogeneity, quantified by subparticle level distribution of Mn valence state, is minimal during Mn redox, which drastically increases upon the formation of cracks during oxygen redox. Density functional theory and bond valence sum mismatch calculations reveal the presence of local short‐range ordering in the pristine oxide, which gradually disappears along with the extraction of Li. The study suggests that with cycling the transformation into true cation–disordered state can be expected, which likely impacts the voltage profile and obtainable energy density of the oxide cathodes. 相似文献
73.
74.
A novel AlSiMgAl2O4Al2O3 composite brick was prepared and evaluated in the low vessel of an RH (the initials of Ruhrstahl and Hereaeus) secondary refining furnace; it was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that after use, the AlSiMgAl2O4Al2O3 composite has a functional gradient with an erosion zone–reinforced zone–original zone phase distribution, in which the phases in the erosion zone (0–1.8?cm) are a Mg-hercynite spinel solid solution, α-Al2O3, and minor amount of Al3Fe5O12. Furthermore, the phases in the reinforced zone (1.8–5.0?cm) are γ-AlON, 21RSiAlON, SiC, Mg0.388Al2.408O4, and α-Al2O3; i.e., the Al and Si in the composite are completely converted into non-oxide reinforced phases. Finally, the phases in the original zone (>5.0?cm) show no change. The reaction mechanism is as follows. During operation, a Mg-hercynite spinel solid solution is formed in the erosion zone due to a reaction between MgAl2O4 and FeO from a refinery operation. Therefore, the slag erosion of the material is improved. The Al and Si metals undergo active oxidation, and 21RSiAlON flakes are subsequently formed from the products of the metastable Al2O(g), SiO(g), and N2(g) in the ambient. The γ-AlON is formed by a carbothermal reduction nitridation of the α-Al2O3 and residual active carbon from the resin binder. The 21RSiAlON and γ-AlON reinforce the composite brick and improve its high temperature performance accordingly. Its service life is 110% that of the magnesia-chrome bricks used in the same period. The reaction model was also established. 相似文献
75.
Zhao Chao-Yue Jia Rui-Sheng Liu Qing-Ming Liu Xiao-Ying Sun Hong-Mei Zhang Xing-Li 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2021,80(1):263-277
Multimedia Tools and Applications - To address the problems of insufficient detail extraction and long training time in the super-resolution reconstruction of chest X-ray images, a method of chest... 相似文献
76.
This paper is concerned with the problem of joint input and state estimation for linear stochastic systems with direct feedthrough. Based on the fact that each unknown input between any two time steps is always bounded, a novel improved algorithm is proposed. Compared with existing results, this algorithm can effectively enhance estimation accuracy. Moreover, the stability of the algorithm is also discussed. Finally, an illustrative example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. 相似文献
77.
煤电平均供电煤耗作为评价能源系统效率的指标已在行业内广泛应用。但该项指标无法很好地反映一个国家、地区的用电结构与用电能耗水平。为此,参照行业内普遍采用的火电厂发电煤耗和供电煤耗指标,定义“综合用电煤耗”,即用户每用1 kW?h电“消耗”的标准煤量(单位:g/(kW?h))。在此基础上,提出“综合发电煤耗”与“综合供电煤耗”的概念,形成完整的指标评价体系。对近年典型省份指标值的研究表明,该指标体系能够很好地反映供给侧国家、省区或企业的发电结构与电能生产能耗水平。这一指标体系能够为正确理解和计算用电、输电与电能替代项目的化石能源消耗量及其排放量提供依据。 相似文献
78.
苏里格气田是中国典型的致密砂岩气藏,构造简单、平缓,横向非均质性强,有效储层与围岩声学特征差别小,地震响应不明显,常规地震监测方法预测难度大,但气田含气砂岩泊松比低,是地震气藏检测的有效参数。利用弹性全波形反演精度高和能处理复杂非均质介质的优势,反演地层拉梅常数、剪切模量和密度,并计算泊松比,从而进行气藏预测。重点阐述了苏里格气田多分量数据全波形反演初始模型建模、先验模型建模和地震数据预处理3个关键问题的处理方法。二维三分量数据反演和"甜点"预测结果表明:①对于具有强非均质性的苏里格气田,利用全波形反演获得精度较高的地层弹性参数能显著提高气藏预测的准确度;②苏里格地区构造简单、平缓,利用常规叠加速度并结合构造解释可以建立比较好的初始模型,从而有效地解决了周波跳跃和局部极小的难题;③先验知识的约束和地震数据的预处理是全波形反演成功应用于苏里格气田气藏检测的关键。 相似文献
79.
Jialin Sun Jun Zhao Xiuying Ni Feng Gong Zuoli Li 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2018,38(9):3096-3103
This work investigates the critical roles of two-step sintering (TSS) and laminated structure on the sintering behavior and mechanical properties of functionally graded WC-TiC-Al2O3 nanostructured composite materials doped with Cr3C2/VC. Results show that excellent mechanical properties are achieved for tailored TSS conditions with a hardness of 27.91?±?2.3?GPa and a flexural strength of 1423.3?±?23.5?MPa. The desirable mechanical properties are attributed to the suppressed grain growth without densification deterioration. TSS is more effective in facilitating the favorable dispersion of secondary phase toughening nano-particulates in a WC matrix than conventional sintering (CS). Cr3C2/VC dopant plays an important role in maximizing and shifting the temperature range of the kinetic window for WC-Al2O3 composites. Al2O3 crack deflection, transgranular Al2O3, microcracking, WC crack bridging and plate-like WC crack deflection are the major toughening mechanisms. Residual surface compressive stress induced by the graded structure is also an appreciated contribution to the improvement of mechanical properties. 相似文献
80.
Correlation between instrumental texture and colour quality attributes with sensory analysis of selected cheeses as affected by fat contents 下载免费PDF全文
A. Półtorak J. Wyrwisz M. Moczkowska M. Marcinkowska‐Lesiak A. Stelmasiak U. Ulanicka M. Zalewska A. Wierzbicka Da‐Wen Sun 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2015,50(4):999-1008
This study evaluated several physical and sensory parameters of different types of cheese available in the Polish market. The measurements of textural properties were conducted in an Instron universal testing machine, while the colour properties of cheeses were measured using a Minolta chromameter. The chemical composition was determined by means of the near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRs). Moreover, a trained sensory panel was invited to assess the cheese texture‐related properties. Generally, cheeses with reduced fat content were characterised by higher hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and elasticity. Texture‐related parameters of cheese with canola oil were comparable to that of most of full‐fat cheeses. The correlation analysis between physical and sensory attributes related to cheese textural properties indicated the potential applications of TPA, shear and penetration tests (r = 0.766, r = 0.75 and r = 0.765, respectively) for the evaluation of sensory properties related to the hardness. Meanwhile, the elasticity of cheese obtained from sensory evaluation was strongly correlated with the elasticity determined from the shear test (r = 0.722) and moderately correlated with the elasticity from penetration test (r = 0.588), indicating a need to refine the method of penetration test. In addition, cheeses exhibited higher meltability during convection heating at 230 °C than microwave heating. The values of meltability for cheese with reduced fat content were lower than those of full‐fat cheese. 相似文献