标准与专科池:使用专科许可领导市场

解释了为什么以利润为目的的公司参与标准化活动和特别关注标准与专利的关系,并从经济学角度,使用反公共的悲剧和跨越式发展的概念分析了这个问题.反公共的悲剧解释了为什么公司交叉授权他们的专利许可以及为什么标准化组织的专利政策包含交叉授权.跨越式发展解释了为什么拥有为实施标准的必要专利的公司将他们的专利许可授予没有相关专利的公司.通过向外授予专利许可,公司在短期内可以获得经济利益,在长期可以获得影响市场发展的战略机会,并为民营公司提供一些建议.     

CNS: a new energy efficient transmission scheme for wireless sensor networks

We present in this paper a new energy-efficient communication scheme called CNS (Compression with Null Symbol) that combines the power of data compression and communication through silent symbol. The concept of communication through silent symbol is borrowed from the energy efficient schemes proposed in Sinha (Proceedings of 6th IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009), Ghosh et al. (Proceedings of 27th IEEE international performance computing and communications conference (IPCCC), USA, pp. 85–92, 2008), and Sinha and Sinha (Proceedings of international conference on distributed computing and internet technologies (ICDCIT), LNCS, pp. 139–144, 2008). We show that the average theoretical energy saving at the transmitter by CNS is 62.5%, assuming an ideal channel and for equal likelihood of all possible binary strings of a given length. Next, we propose a transceiver design that uses a hybrid modulation scheme utilizing FSK and ASK so as to keep the cost/complexity of the radio devices low. Considering an additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and a non-coherent detection based receiver, CNS shows a saving in transmitter energy by 30% when compared to binary FSK, for equal likelihood of all possible binary strings of a given length. Simultaneously, there is a saving of 50% at the receiver for all types of data modulation due to halving of the transmitted data duration, compared to binary encoding. In contrast, RBNSiZeComm proposed in Sinha (Proceedings of 6th IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009), TSS proposed in Ghosh et al. (Proceedings of 27th IEEE international performance computing and communications conference (IPCCC), USA, pp. 85–92, 2008) and RZE proposed in Sinha and Sinha (Proceedings of international conference on distributed computing and internet technologies (ICDCIT), LNCS, pp. 139–144, 2008) generate average transmitter energy savings of about 41, 20, and 35.2%, respectively. Also, at the receiver side, while RBNSiZeComm does not generate any saving, TSS and RZE produce about 36.9 and 12.5% savings on an average, respectively. Considering certain data types that may occur in the context of some wireless sensor networks (WSN) based applications (e.g., remote healthcare, agricultural WSNs, etc.), our simulation results demonstrate that for AWGN noisy channels, the transmitter side savings vary from about 33–50% on an average, while for RBNSiZeComm, this saving is about 33–61% on the same data set (Sinha in Proceedings of 6th IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009). Thus, taking into account the low cost/complexity of the proposed transceiver, these results clearly establish that CNS can be a suitable candidate for communication in low power wireless sensor networks, such as in remote healthcare applications, body area networks, home automation, WSNs for agriculture and many others.     

Penetration and stainability of modified Sato's lead staining solution.

The penetration and stainability of modified Sato's lead staining solution containing calcined lead citrate were studied. Modified Sato's lead solution was preserved for 1 week and for 2 years, each at room temperature and at 4 degrees C. Specimens were stained with these solutions to measure the stainability. After 2-min staining, specimens were stained to the depth of 1.0-1.2 microns even when there had been 2-year preservation of the staining solution. This modified solution could be preserved for a long time and good penetration and stainability could still be obtained. This solution is also suitable for the observation of semithin sections.     

Modified modulation formats using time-varying phase functions

New modulation formats are presented that increase the transmission rate over that of conventional systems, without degrading the bit error rate (BER) and with minimal bandwidth variation. A time-varying function called an "extra phase variation function" (EPVF) is added to the discrete phase of conventional modulation formats such as M-PSK and QAM to transmit additional data bits. A receiver configuration is presented that allows the decoding of information represented by the discrete and extra phases. It is shown that in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the BER performance of the bits carried by the discrete phase and the extra phase in the modified format improves over the BER of conventional modulation formats.     

Budding of fowlpox and pigeonpox viruses at the surface of infected cells

Chick embryo fibroblasts and chorioallantoic membranes infected with fowlpox virus (FWPV) or pigeonpox virus (PPV) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Immature virus particles were observed in finely granular areas, i.e. virus factories, of the cytoplasm. These particles had various forms depending on their stages of development. Many tubular structures were also seen in these regions. Mature virus particles with ellipsoidal or brick-shaped forms enclosing electron-dense cores were detected throughout the cytoplasm. Notably, there was a high frequency of virus budding at the cell surface, but only occasional virus wrapping in the cytoplasm. Another remarkable feature of the infected cells was accumulation of many virions just beneath the plasma membrane, indicating that this phenomenon is closely related to virus budding. Based on the observed frequency of budding, this mechanism seems to be the predominant way for FWPV and PPV to exit the cell.     

Design methodology of embedded DRAM with virtual-socketarchitecture

This paper proposes the virtual-socket architecture in order to reduce the design turn-around time (TAT) of the embedded DRAM. The required memory density and the function of the embedded DRAM are system dependent. In the conventional design, the DRAM control circuitry with the DRAM memory array is handled as a hardware macro, resulting in the increase in design TAT. On the other hand, our proposed architecture provides the DRAM control circuitry as a software macro to take advantage of the automated tools based on synchronous circuit design. With array-generator technology, this architecture can achieve high quality and quick turn-around time (QTAT) of flexible embedded DRAM that is almost the same as the CMOS ASIC. We applied this virtual-socket architecture to the development of the 61-Mb synchronous DRAM core using 0.18-μm design rule and confirmed the high-speed operation, 166 MHz at CAS latency of two, and 180 MHz at that of three. The experimental results show that our proposed architecture can be applied to the development of the high-performance embedded DRAM with design QTAT     

A multigigabit DRAM technology with 6F2 open-bitlinecell, distributed overdriven sensing, and stacked-flash fuse

A multigigabit DRAM technology was developed that features a low-noise 6F² open-bitline cell with fully utilized edge arrays, distributed overdriven sensing for operation below 1 V, and a highly reliable post-packaging repair scheme using a stacked-flash fuse. This technology, which can be used to fabricate a 0,13-μm 180-mm² 1-Gb DRAM assembled in a 400-mil package, was verified using a 57.6-mm², 200-MHz array-cycle, 256-Mb test chip with 0.109-μm² cells     

Self‐Healing Reduced Graphene Oxide Films by Supersonic Kinetic Spraying

The industrial scale application of graphene and other functional materials in the field of electronics has been limited by inherent defects, and the lack of simple deposition methods. A simple spray deposition method is developed that uses a supersonic air jet for a commercially available reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) suspension. The r‐GO flakes are used as received, which are pre‐annealed and pre‐hydrazine‐treated, and do not undergo any post‐treatment. A part of the considerable kinetic energy of the r‐GO flakes entrained by the supersonic jet is used in stretching the flakes upon impact with the substrate. The resulting “frozen elastic strains” heal the defects (topological defects, namely Stone‐Wales defect and C₂ vacancies) in the r‐GO flakes, which is reflected in the reduced ratio of the intensities of the D and G bands in the deposited film. The defects can also be regenerated by annealing.     

Fast and scalable parallel layout decomposition in double patterning lithography

For 32/22 nm technology nodes and below, double patterning (DP) lithography has become the most promising interim solutions due to the delay in the deployment of next generation lithography (e.g., EUV). DP requires the partitioning of the layout patterns into two different masks, a procedure called layout decomposition. Layout decomposition is a key computational step that is necessary for double patterning technology. Existing works on layout decomposition are all single-threaded, which is not scalable in runtime and/or memory for large industrial layouts. This paper presents the first window-based parallel layout decomposition methods for improving both runtime and memory consumption. Experimental results are promising and show the presented parallel layout decomposition methods obtain upto 21× speedup in runtime and upto 7.5×reduction in peak memory consumption with acceptable solution quality.     

1.58-μm band gain-flattened erbium-doped fiber amplifiers forWDM transmission systems

This paper describes the amplification characteristics of gain-flattened Er³⁺-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) by using 0.98-μm and 1.48-μm band pumping for a 1.58-μm band WDM signal. Silica-based Er³⁺-doped fiber (S-EDF) and fluoride-based Er ³⁺-doped fiber (F-EDF) have gain-flattened wavelength ranges from 1570 to 1600 nm and from 1565 to 1600 nm, respectively, and exhibit uniform gain characteristics with gain excursions of 0.7 and 1.0 dB, and the figure of merit of the gain flatness (gain excursion/average signal gain) of 3 and 4.3%, respectively, for an eight-channel signal in the 1.58-μm band. We show that 1.48-μm band pumping has a better quantum conversion efficiency and gain coefficient, and that 0.98-μm band pumping is effective for improving the noise characteristics. We also show that the EDFAs consisting of two cascaded amplification units pumped in the 0.98-μm and 1.48-μm bands are effective in constructing low-noise and high-gain 1.58-μm band amplifiers