Aberrant retropharyngeal lymph nodes of a horse (Equus caballus)

The occurrence of aberrant lymph nodes, on both sides of the head of a horse, belonging to the retropharyngeal lymphocenter has been reported.     

Numerical simulation of flow through microchannels with designed roughness

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow through serpentine microchannels with designed roughness in form of obstructions placed along the channels walls is conducted here. CFD-ACE+ is used for the numerical simulations. The effect of the roughness height (surface roughness), geometry, Reynolds number on the friction factor is investigated. It is found that the friction factor increases in a nonlinear fashion with the increase in obstruction height. The friction factor is more for rectangular and triangular obstructions and it decreases as the obstruction geometry is changed to trapezoidal. It is observed that the obstruction geometry, i.e., aspect ratio plays an important role in prediction of friction factor in rough channels. It is also found that the pressure drop decreases with the increase in the roughness pitch. Hence, the roughness pitch is an important design parameter for microchannels.     

Enhanced field emission from copper nanowires synthesized using ion track-etch membranes as scaffolds

Copper nanowires have been synthesized at different pH values through the template assisted electrodeposition technique using polycarbonate track-etch membranes as scaffolds. The effect of pH (0.8–2.8) of the electrolyte on structure, morphology, composition and deposition rate of copper into the pores of the template, while keeping other electrochemical conditions same, was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the face centered cubic phase of synthesized nanowires. With the change in pH, no shift in peaks was observed except the inclusion of an additional peak of copper oxide in nanowires synthesized at pH 2.8. The nanocrystallite size, strain, lattice stress and energy density were evaluated by X-ray analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images revealed that nanowires obtained at pH 0.8, 1.1 and 1.4 showed incomplete deposition in the pores of the membrane whereas, the nanowires obtained at pH 1.7 were densely stacked, vertically aligned and uniform along the diameter and that obtained from pH 2.0–2.8 had overdeposition on their top. An increase in deposition rate was observed with the increase in pH value. The average diameter of Cu nanowires was found to be ~?105 nm. The electrical conductivity of as-grown nanowires was observed to decrease 13-fold as the transition from bulk values to the nanosystem. Nanowires prepared at pH of 1.7 were characterized for their field-emission properties. A very large field-enhancement factor of ~?10,855 was obtained indicating that Cu nanowires grown by reported technique shows outstanding potential as efficient field-emitters for flat panel displays.