Studies on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of olefinic protons of conjugated fatty acid methyl esters

The NMR spectra of olefinic protons in the four representative conjugated fatty acid methyl esters, methylcis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate, methyltrans-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate, methyl α eleostearate, and methyl β eleostearate, were studied. The chemical shift of each olefinic proton in these compounds was determined by considering their intramolecular environment. Coupling constants were also obtained as the results of spectral analysis.     

Residual amounts of chlorophylls and pheophytins in refined edible oils

The quantities of chlorophyll (CHL) A and B, and pheophytin (PHY) A and B in 10 kinds of refined edible oils were estimated by the fluorometric method. The results revealed that CHL and PHY were present in commercial edible oils. PHY A showed the highest content at ca. 67% in total pigments. Compositional ratios of CHL and PHY were similar in different kinds of plant oils. Through the analysis of rapessed oils at every refining step, we determined that PHY is not formed during oil refining. In the autoxidation of soybean oils to which various amounts of CHL mixtures had been added, the peroxide value of tested oils increased in proportion to the total chlorophyll content. In addition, the compositional changes of the 4 components during autoxidation were investigated.     

Development of flexible organic light‐emitting diode on barrier film and roll‐to‐roll manufacturing

To come out with a successful organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) lighting business, it is very important to have clear differentiation of OLED from LEDs. Flexible OLED has merits, such as capability to be mounted on the curved wall, which is not easy for LEDs to achieve the feature. There are several approaches to make flexible OLEDs especially among those plastic barrier films that can bring high level of flexibility, which could not be achieved by any conventional lighting method. In this paper, barrier films with various water vapor transmission rate values, including 10^{? 6} order, are applied, and the conditions to have almost no dark spot growth under 85 °C and 85% high temperature/humidity test are shown. Flexible OLED panels are manufactured with the world's first roll‐to‐roll equipment using plastic barrier film.     

Study on ozone treatment of water-soluble polymers. I. Ozone degradation of polyethylene glycol in water

Polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000) was degraded by ozone in 1% aqueous solution of pH 12. Chemical oxygen demand of the solution decreased with increasing ozone consumed. Intrinsic viscosity of the solution lowered exponentially as a result of the ozonization. The number of breaks calculated from the viscosity indicated that two molecules of ozone were consumed for one cleavage of the polymer chain. The molecular weight distribution obtained by gel permeation chromatography was very broadened and molecular weight was lower as well, and the polymer chain was found to be cleaved randomly by ozone. The production of formic ester, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and hydrogen peroxide was confirmed by IR, NMR, gas chromatography, and chemical analysis. These observations could be accounted for by electrophilic attack of ozone on the ether bond.     

Effect of Computational Constraints on Zero-Dimensional Computations for the Nanosecond-Order Ignition Process of the CH4/Air Mixture

Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves - Zero-dimensional computations of nanosecond-order ignition using a nanosecond discharge are performed with two constraints. The effects of these constraints...     

Electrochemical properties of iron rust

In order to elucidate the electrochemical properties of iron rust, galvanostatic cathodic polarization of rusted steel and rust electrodes, prepared by fixing a piece of rust plate on an acrylic plate with conductive adhesive, was examined. The change in the amount of crystalline substances in the rust layer was observed by X-ray diffraction. The electrochemically active intermediate substances, could not be identified by X-ray diffraction, but their behaviour was distinguished from that of crystalline substances. The rest potential of the rust electrode was controlled by the equilibrium potential of intermediate substances. “An overlapping dual electrode” model is proposed for rusted steel in aqueous solution. Beneficial elements added to weathering steel inhibit the formation of crystalline magnetite in the cathodic reduction process of rust and increase the electrical resistance of the rust layer.     

Influence of chromium on the local structure and morphology of ferric oxyhydroxides

The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used for characterizing the local structure and morphology of ferric oxyhydroxides, α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH, with and without chromium. These ferric oxyhydroxide powders were prepared from aqueous solutions containing iron and chromium ions. Radial structural functions for iron obtained by Fe K edge EXAFS spectra showed that the linkage of structural units formed by FeO₆ octahedra in γ-FeOOH is distorted by chromium addition, while such distortion in α-FeOOH is not clearly detected. On the other hand, Cr K edge EXAFS spectra showed that the local structure around chromium does not necessarily correspond to the local structure around of iron, which is observed by Fe K edge EXAFS spectra. This suggests that the structural units containing iron and chromium are heterogeneously distributed in these ferric oxyhydroxides. The local structural information was discussed coupled with morphological features of these ferric oxyhydroxides observed by TEM.     

Embedded blended learning within an Algebra classroom: a multimedia capture experiment

This two‐group, pretest‐posttest, quasi‐experimental study compared secondary students' learning of Algebra II materials over a 4‐week period when identical instruction by the same teacher was delivered through either embedded blended learning (treatment group; n = 32) or a live‐lecture classroom (control group; n = 24). For both groups, instruction was delivered in a normal classroom setting. A math test and a student survey were used to measure students' learning of Algebra II and satisfaction with the instruction. Students in the treatment group showed significantly greater gains in Algebra II test scores and evaluated their learning experiences significantly more positively than did the control group. The great majority (80%) of students in the treatment group preferred the embedded blended learning over traditional live lectures for future learning of math. Students' responses to open‐ended survey questions suggested that students in the treatment group appreciated the: (a) ability to control the pace of instruction; (b) new role of the classroom teacher; (c) lack of distraction in the blended learning environment; and (d) accessibility of the embedded multimedia lessons outside the classroom. This study suggests that screen‐capture instructional technology can be used towards establishing a teacher‐based, embedded blended learning environment within a secondary algebraic classroom.     

Lithography with UV-LED array for curved surface structure

The technology to fabricate high-aspect ratio and micro curved surface structures is needed for optical device fabrication such as micro lens, light guiding device, and so on. In this study, micro curved surface structures were fabricated by using novel lithography technique with UV-LED array and rotary stage (Hanai et al. in Proceedings of the 22nd sensor symposium, pp 516–519, 2005). Smooth surface structures can be fabricated in this technique, because UV-LED which has wide directivity characteristics makes the difference of the UV dose. In addition, the structures can be formed with high uniformity in large area by only one exposure process, because rotation reduces the unevenness of exposure. This technique can control the shapes of structures by changing exposure time and applying gray scale mask method (Waits et al. in Sensors Actuat A 119:245–253, 2005). We fabricated structures of hemisphere, semi-cylinder, and semi-cone by using this technique. High-aspect ratio structures were obtained and they had smooth curved surface. Then, they were used for micro lens fabrication. By using molding technique, micro lenses of the UV curable resin were fabricated on the silicon wafer.