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21.
V.D. Sandberg L. Bayliss M. Dugan J.S. Frank T. Gordon G. Hart C.M. Hoffman G.E. Hogan H.S. Matis G.H. Sanders H.P. Von Gunten 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》1985,234(3):512-516
A circuit is described that determines the average of the transit time of light from an event in a scintillation counter to the two ends of that counter. The design offers superior time resolution and a novel gating scheme that significantly reduces circuit dead-time. 相似文献
22.
TR DeGrado TG Turkington JJ Williams CW Stearns JM Hoffman RE Coleman 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,35(8):1398-1406
METHODS: This study characterizes the performance of a newly developed whole-body PET scanner (Advance, General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). The scanner consists of 12,096 bismuth germinate crystals (4.0 mm transaxial by 8.1 mm axial by 30 mm radial) in 18 rings, giving 35 two-dimensional image planes through an axial field of view of 15.2 cm. The rings are separated by retractable tungsten septa. Intrinsic spatial resolution, scatter fraction, sensitivity, high count rate performance and image quality are evaluated. RESULTS: Transaxial resolution (in FWHM) is 3.8 mm at the center and increases to 5.0 mm tangential and 7.3 mm radial at R = 20 cm. Average axial resolution decreases from 4.0 mm FWHM at the center to 6.6 mm at R = 20 cm. Scatter fraction is 9.4% and 10.2% for direct and cross slices, respectively. With septa out, the average scatter fraction is 34%. Total system sensitivity for true events (in kcps/(microCi/cc)) is 223 with septa in and 1200 with septa out. Dead-time losses of 50% correspond to a radioactivity concentration of 4.9 (0.81) microCi/cc and a true event count rate of 489 (480) kcps with septa in (out). Noise-equivalent count rate (NECR) for the system as a whole shows a maximum of 261 (159) kcps at a radioactivity concentration of 4.1 (0.65) microCi/cc with septa in (out). NECR is insensitive to changes in lower gamma-energy discrimination between 250-350 keV. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the performance of the newly designed PET scanner to be well suited for clinical and research applications. 相似文献
23.
Hoffman AJ van Rooyen E 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1992,39(1):138-147
A three-dimensional model for the propagation of finite acoustic waves in nonlinear media is developed. This model implicitly includes the effects of acoustic attenuation and divergence due to diffraction. The generation of intermodulation products in the case of a two-tone input signal is numerically analyzed. It is found that acoustic diffraction can have a significant effect on the dynamic range of a Bragg cell if the acoustic field extends well into the Fraunhofer region. Inclusion of the effect of diffraction in the model predicts a dynamic range that can be considerably larger than the value obtained by using the infinite plane wave assumption. It is shown that acoustic attenuation significantly reduces the level of the acoustic intermodulation products relative to the level of the fundamental modes. This also increases the dynamic range. The influence of these effects on design considerations for Bragg cells is discussed. 相似文献
24.
Mahoney D Huang SC Ricci AR Mazziotta JC Carson RE Hoffman EJ Phelps ME 《IEEE transactions on medical imaging》1987,6(3):250-257
To evaluate accurately the imaging characteristics of positron emission tomography (PET), a realistic computer-simulated brain phantom was developed. A cross-sectional slice from a human cadaver brain was chosen for its combination of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) regions. The slice was photographed and digitized into a gray-level image with a video digitizer, boundary edges were located around cerebral structures in the digitized image, and each structural region was assigned a uniform pixel value dependent on both the cerebral parameter (e.g., blood flow, oxygen uptake, metabolic rate) under investigation and the type of structure (gray matter, white matter, CSF). Line integrals through the regions were generated at various angular and transverse positions according to specific physical characteristics (such as detector line-spread function) of a tomographic scanner configuration to create a set of simulated but realistic projection measurements. The set of projection measurements can be processed with any standard reconstruction program to create a tomographic image to reveal the effects of various PET characteristics. Investigations with this computer-simulated brain phantom have demonstrated its usefulness for examining the interrelations among neuroanatomical structure volume, tomographic spatial resolution, partial volume effect, and nonlinear parameter estimation. Transportability of the simulated phantom and the procedure to other medical imaging environments is described, and limitations of this simulation procedure are discussed. 相似文献
25.
We define and verify the utility of a pattern analysis procedure called sparse decomposition. This technique involves sequentially ``peeling' sparse subsets of patterns from a pattern set, where sparse subsets are sets of patterns which possess a certain degree of regularity or compactness as measured by a compactness measure c. If this is repeated until all patterns are deleted, then the sequence of decomposition ``layers' derived by this procedure provides a wealth of information from which inferences about the original pattern set may be made. A statistic P is derived from this information and is shown to be powerful in detecting clustering tendency for data in reasonably compact sampling windows. The test is applied to both synthetic and real data. 相似文献
26.
Ming-Jen Pan Patricia A. Hoffman David J. Green John R. Hellmann 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1997,80(3):692-698
The spontaneous microcracking of particulate TiB2 –SiC composites is studied as a function of TiB2 volume fraction. The degree of microcracking was examined by measuring elastic properties from room temperature to 1300°C. The results showed that only one composition contains microcracks. All other compositions did not microcrack regardless of TiB2 volume fraction. This was attributed to the difference in the sintering aids. In particular, the Al2 O3 sintering aid needed in these compositions had reacted with SiO2 to form an amorphous grain boundary phase that allowed residual stresses to relax by viscous flow at moderate to high temperatures. The existence of this amorphous grain boundary phase was directly observed by transmission electron microscopy. 相似文献
27.
Rebwar Hassan Nadhir Al‐Ansari Ammar A. Ali Salahalddin S. Ali Sven Knutsson 《Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management》2017,22(2):179-189
The Dokan Reservoir dam is a concrete cylindrical arch with gravity abutments, located on the Lesser Zab River about 60 km from the city of Sulaimani in north‐eastern Iraq. A bathymetric survey was conducted in November 2014 for a period of 10 days, using an echo sounder of 200‐kHz single beam. The survey results indicated an annual average sediment deposition of 3.8 million m3. Thirty‐two sediment samples were collected from the reservoir bed. The ratio of gravel, sand, silt and clay was 15:14:48:23, respectively. The reservoir bed is covered mainly with silt. The sediments are composed of silty clay (77.6%), silty sandy clay (10%), sandy gravely silty clay (1.2%) and gravely sandy silty clay (1%). 相似文献
28.
Jens Eichler Jürgen Rödel Ulrich Eisele Mark Hoffman 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2007,90(9):2830-2836
This paper considers fracture strength, fracture origins, and hydrothermal degradation of 3Y-TZP with grain sizes in the range of 110–480 nm. Biaxial fracture strength testing was used to show that the fracture strength increases with grain size and is governed by the concurrent change in fracture toughness. Hydrothermal degradation was studied by means of fractography, Raman microscopy and its effect on fracture strength. Up to 200 nm grain size, hydrothermal degradation of strength is limited. Larger grain sizes exhibit either premature failure or an increase in strength. A surface transformation zone was found to be responsible for both phenomena. 相似文献
29.
Catalytic Materials for High-Temperature Combustion 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Marcus F. M. Zwinkels Sven G. J r s P. Govind Menon Timothy A. Griffin 《Catalysis Reviews》1993,35(3):319-358
Catalytic combustion, as an alternative to conventional thermal combustion, has received considerable attention during the past decade. Research efforts have been promoted by the need to meet governmental demands concerning pollution and the wish to use energy sources more efficiently. The two main advantages offered by catalytic combustors over flame combustors apply to these goals:
- Catalytic combustion can be carried out over a wide range of fuel concentrations in air and at low temperatures.
- These low temperatures result in attaining NO, emission levels substantially lower than possible with conventional combustors.
30.
Jay R Hoffman Jie Kang Nicholas A Ratamess Peter F Jennings Gerald Mangine Avery D Faigenbaum 《Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition》2006,3(1):35-7