Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective

OBJECTIVE: To outline social psychological principles that could influence the psychosocial and behavioural effects of tobacco warning labels, and to inform the development of more effective tobacco warning labels. DATA SOURCES: PsycInfo and Medline literature searches and expert guided selection of principles and theories in social psychology and of tobacco warning labels, including articles, books, and reports. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco warning labels represent a potentially effective method of influencing attitudes and behaviours. This review describes social psychological principles that could be used to guide the creation of more effective warning labels. The potential value of incorporating warning labels into a broader public health education campaign is discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.     

Measurement of packing tortuosity and porosity in capillary electrochromatography

The application of conductivity measurements for packing structure characterization has been extended to a column consisting of a packed section and an open section as typically used in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Because of the difference in electric conductivity between the packed and open sections, the electric fields applied across the two sections vary, depending on the length of the packed section relative to that of the total column. On the basis of mass conservation law, it can be shown that the ratio of the electric current measured in such a duplex column to that without packing is a function of the length and the geometric structure of the packing bed. Thus, knowing the lengths of the packed section and the whole column, we can readily calculate the obstructive factors, such as the porosity and the tortuosity factor, from the measured conductivity ratio. An example is given to demonstrate the application of this method, with experimental data taken from published work.     

Monitoring and multiplexing technique for interferometric fiber optic sensors with a linearly chirped Er:fiber laser

The monitoring of interferometer fiber optic sensors using a laser that is scanned over a wide frequency range is investigated. The interrogation technique is based on the principle that if the light-source frequency varies linearly with time, the optical signal reflected or transmitted is intensity modulated at a frequency that is proportional to the optical path difference (OPD) in the interferometer. Fourier components in the detected optical output signal then correspond to the OPDs of any interferometers that have contributed to this modulation. The temporal position of a peak in the power spectrum of this signal is proportional to the OPD of the interferometer that is responsible for that peak. A fine tuning of the OPD value is determined from the phase of the corresponding Fourier component. Experimentally, an Er:fiber laser scanned over a 48-nm range centered at 1540 nm was used to monitor intrinsic fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers (FFPIs). Variations in the laser scan rate were compensated with the optical signal modulated by a reference FFPI held at a constant temperature. The OPD measurement resolution was 3.6 nm, and the dynamic range was 1.3 x 10(7). The temperature was measured from 20 degrees C to 610 degrees C with a 0.02 degrees C resolution, and multiplexing of three of the sensors arranged in series was demonstrated.     

Genetic learning and performance evaluation of interval type-2 fuzzy logic controllers

Type-2 fuzzy sets, which are characterized by membership functions (MFs) that are themselves fuzzy, have been attracting interest. This paper focuses on advancing the understanding of interval type-2 fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs). First, a type-2 FLC is evolved using Genetic Algorithms (GAs). The type-2 FLC is then compared with another three GA evolved type-1 FLCs that have different design parameters. The objective is to examine the amount by which the extra degrees of freedom provided by antecedent type-2 fuzzy sets is able to improve the control performance. Experimental results show that better control can be achieved using a type-2 FLC with fewer fuzzy sets/rules so one benefit of type-2 FLC is a lower trade-off between modeling accuracy and interpretability.     

Accumulation of 2-Keto-L-Gulonate at 33℃ by a Thermotolerant Gluconobacter Oxydans Mutant Obtained by Ion Beam Implantation

To obtain thermotolerant mutants of G. oxydans, which can enhance the transformation rate of L-sorbose to 2-Keto-L-gulonate （2-KLG） at 33℃ in a two-step process of vitamin C manufacture, ion beam was used as a mutation source. Gluconobacter oxydans GO and Bacillus megaterium B0 were used in this study. The original strain Gluconobacter oxydans GO was mutated by the heavy ion implantation facility at the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Several mutants including Gluconobacter oxydans GI13 were isolated and cocultured with Bacillus megaterium B0 at 33℃ in shaking flasks. The average transformation rate of the new mixed strain GI13-B0 in per gram-molecule reached 94.4% after seven passages in shaking flasks, which was increased by 7% when compared with the original mixed strain G0-B0 （Gluconobacter oxydans GO and Bacillus megaterium B0）. Moreover, the transformation rate of I13B0 was stable at 94% at temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 33℃, which would be of much value in reducing energy consumption in the manufacture of L-ascorbic acid, especially in the season of summer. To clarify some mechanism of the mutation, the specific activities of L-sorbose dehydrogenase in both GO and GI13 were estimated.     

基于LonWorks的安保及消防远程监控系统

针对智能小区安保及消防监控的特点,介绍基于LonWorks总线的智能小区安保及消防系统的设计,侧重讨论了基于iLON1000的安保及消防系统远程监控的设计与实现.     

用度量矩阵和偏差矩阵加速修改AHP中判断矩阵的多对元素交叉方法

本文通过分析判断矩阵,一致性矩阵,导出矩阵及度量矩阵的关系,提出一种用度量矩阵和导出矩阵交叉加速修改AHP中的判断矩阵.当判断矩阵的一致性较差时,基于导出矩阵和度量矩阵中偏离大的元素对判断矩阵一致性的影响较大,通过度量矩阵得出加速修正的步长.每次修改判断矩阵的一对元素即可进行判断矩阵的修正.实例分析表明,交叉修正法是可行的,且可根据问题的性质,灵活确定修正的步长.     

新型3-TPS并联机器人平行机构的约束与运动学分析

目的为完善并联机器人理论．解决并联机床产业化关键技术．方法用螺旋理论方法分析平行机构的约束特性，并计算其自由度；用空间坐标转换理论推导出平行机构的雅可比矩阵；用仿真方法分析了机构的奇异性，获得工作空间的可操作度变化范围．结果新型3-TPS并联机器人的动平台只能作沿Y、Z两轴的平动和绕Y轴的转动。平行机构有3个自由度．结论由于平行机构对并联机器人的约束，使新型3-TPS并联机器人具有3个自由度，通过雅可比矩阵和机构奇异性的推导和计算，得到平行机构在工作空间中没有奇异形位和不定形位的结论．该方法可应用于类似并联机器人的结构设计与运动学分析中．     

基于智能体技术的人员群集流动动力学模型

目的运用计算机技术研究复杂的群集流动现象，设计和优化人员疏散系统．解决群集人员流动安全管理问题．方法吸取社会力模型中行人运动受到社会力支配的思想，综合考虑行人之间的相互影响，利用智能体技术，在人员流动行为规则的指导下，建立群集流动的微观动力学模型，借助自适应网格生成技术实现了人员群集流动的计算机模拟．结果对仅有一个出口的大房间和设有障碍的通道的人员疏散过程进行了模拟，模拟动画图像显示了人员流动过程中在流动通道瓶颈处的成拱现象及行人流避让和绕过障碍的现象．结论通过群集流动微观动力学模型并借助自适应网格生成技术，实现了对于人员群集流动状态及其演化过程的计算机模拟．提高了运算速度．表明本模型具有一定的适用性．     

技术标准战略体系及其主体作用分析

首先界定了技术标准战略,然后构建了技术标准战略体系,指出标准战略体系应由国家战略、行业战略和企业战略3个层次构成;最后,详细论述了技术标准战略体系的3个主体,即政府、行业协会和企业的作用。