The impact of drying and steaming processes on surface color changes of tension and normal beech wood

Abstract

Beech wood has a high frequency of defects such as red heartwood, reaction wood (tension wood). For the experimental measurements four logs without visible defects like red heartwood, which can noticeably affects the measurements' results were qualified. The drying medium temperature in the first phase of the process before the moisture content of the specimens fell below the FSP was maintained at 45?°C. Then, the temperature was gradually increased to the maximum value 65?°C. The results showed that different initial wood moisture content does not affect to final value of tension and normal wood. The colorimetric parameter L* was much higher for tension wood. After steaming, there were greater differences in the colorimetric parameters, respectively, a* and b*. After drying the difference of all colorimetric parameters between tension and normal wood was significantly less. The color changes were only noticed in the surface layers of specimens. Differences were small, and thus, the impact of the tension wood on the color changes was not confirmed. However, since the lightness of tension wood plays a key role for its visual detection, it may be adequate to only measure the lightness parameter (L*).     

Off-axis and inline electron holography: Experimental comparison

Electron holography is a very powerful technique for mapping static electric and magnetic potentials down to atomic resolution. While electron holography is commonly considered synonymous with its off-axis variant in the high energy electron microscopy community, inline electron holography is widely applied in low-energy electron microscopy, where the realization of the off-axis setup is still an experimental challenge. This paper demonstrates that both inline and off-axis holography may be used to recover amplitude and phase shift of the very same object, in our example latex spheres of 90 and 200 nm in diameter, producing very similar results, provided the object does not charge under the electron beam.     

Wastewater transformations and fertilizer value when co-digesting differing ratios of swine manure and used cooking grease in low-cost digesters

A nine-month co-digestion investigation was conducted in Costa Rica to optimize animal wastewater treatment, renewable energy production, and fertilizer creation using 12 Taiwanese-model, plug-flow digesters (250 L each) constructed of tubular polyethylene and PVC piping, operating without mechanical or heating components. The experiment tested three replications of four treatment groups: the control (T0), which contained only swine manure, and T2.5, T5, and T10, which contained 2.5%, 5%, and 10% used cooking grease (by volume) combined with swine manure.T2.5 had the greatest methane production (45 L d^?1), a 124% increase from the control. No adverse effects were observed from co-digesting 2.5% grease in terms of organic matter removal, pathogen reduction, grease removal, and pH. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced 94.7% to 1.96 g L^?1, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were reduced 99.2 and 97.1%, respectively, and grease removal was 99.9%. The average effluent pH (7.05) and alkalinity in T2.5 was within the optimal range for methanogens and increased significantly during the nine-month experiment, likely due to adaptation of the methanogenic organisms to the influent grease concentrations. Total nitrogen concentration decreased 34.0%, and NH₄-N increased 97.1% during digestion in T2.5, with no significant differences between T2.5 and T0. There was less phosphorus reduction with co-digestion, with 181 mg g^?1 of total phosphorus (TP) in T2.5 and only 90.6 mg g^?1 of TP in T0, resulting in lower N:P ratios in the grease treatment groups due to the greater concentration of phosphorus in the effluent.     

Improved magnetic trapped field in thin-wall YBCO single-domain samples by high-pressure oxygen annealing

Oxygen high pressure (up to 16 MPa) has been introduced in the oxygen-annealing step necessary to make the YBa₂Cu₃O_x phase superconducting (change x from 6 to about 7). It enables a displacement in the equilibrium phase diagram towards higher temperatures, which means the possibility to achieve the same final oxygen content as the one at low temperature, but with the benefit of higher diffusion rates. Initial development made on thin bars (1.5–3 mm thick) has confirmed the interest of using a high pressure of oxygen. TEM observations have shown an increase of twin density associated with higher Jc. This is in agreement with other works claiming the possibility of higher Jc by twin engineering, and more precisely by twin refinement while annealing at high temperature. We report the successful application of this process without any adjustment to so-called thin-wall single-domain samples. These samples are obtained by growing a crystal on a pellet already shaped with an array of holes. The advantage is that, as far as diffusion processes are concerned, the typical length is not anymore the diameter of the sample, but the thickness of the walls between holes. The trapped field of 16 mm diameter Y123 thin-wall single-domain samples was doubled (0.6 T vs. 0.3 T at 77 K) in a rather short annealing time (about 3 days). Microstructures as well as magneto-optical observations of plain and thin-wall samples evidenced a reduction of cracks in the thin-wall samples. Improved performances were confirmed by further characterizations performed from 77 down to 20 K using the pulse-field facilities of the LNCMP at Toulouse.     

Direct synthesis of carbon nanofibers on the surface of copper powder

A novel approach to synthesize carbon nanofibers (CNFs) directly on the surface of metal μm-sized particles to evenly disperse the carbon nanomaterials in a composite material was proposed. As a metal matrix, 5–10 μm copper particles were utilized. As a carbon source, C₂H₂, CH₄ and CO were examined. The best conditions were found to be in C₂H₂ (30 cm³/min) and H₂ (260 cm³/min) atmosphere at the temperature of 750 °C. The composites based on copper and CNFs prepared by vacuum hot pressing showed the increase in hardness from 35 to 60 kg/mm² almost retaining pure copper electrical properties.     

Nanocomposite Microcontainers with High Ultrasound Sensitivity

A water suspension of nanocomposite microcapsules with embedded ZnO nanoparticles in the capsule shell is reported. The microcapsule morphology is characterized by confocal microscopy, TEM, SEM, and AFM before and after ultrasound treatment. A remarkably high capsule sensitivity to ultrasound is evidenced, and it is observed to grow with increasing number of ZnO nanoparticle layers in the nanocomposite shell. This effect is correlated with the mechanical properties of microcapsules measured with AFM.     

New high-pressure phase of HfTiO4 and ZrTiO4 ceramics

We studied the high-pressure effects on the crystalline structure of monoclinic HfTiO₄ and ZrTiO₄. We found that the compressibility of these ceramics is highly non-isotropic, being the b-axis the most compressible one. In addition, the a-axis is found to have a small and negative compressibility. At 2.7 GPa (10.7 GPa) we discovered the onset of a structural phase transition in HfTiO₄ (ZrTiO₄), coexisting the low- and high-pressure phases in a broad pressure range. The new high-pressure phase has a monoclinic structure which involves an increase in the Ti-O coordination and a collapse of the cell volume. The equation of state for the low-pressure phase is also determined.     

The occurrence of perchlorate during drinking water electrolysis using BDD anodes

Electrochemical studies were carried out to estimate the risks of perchlorate formation in drinking water disinfected by direct electrolysis. Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) anodes were used in laboratory and commercially available cells at 20 °C. The current density was changed between 50 and 500 A m⁻². For comparison, other anode materials such as platinum and mixed oxide were also tested. It was found that BDD anodes have a thousandfold higher perchlorate formation potential compared with the other electrode materials that were tested. In long-term discontinuous experiments all the chloride finally reacted to form perchlorate. The same result was obtained when probable oxychlorine intermediates (OCl⁻, ClO₂⁻, ClO₃⁻) were electrolysed in synthetic waters in the ppm range of concentrations. The tendency to form perchlorate was confirmed when the flow rate of drinking water was varied between 100 and 300 L h⁻¹ and the temperature increased to 30 °C. In a continuous flow mode of operation a higher chloride concentration in the water resulted in a lower perchlorate formation. This can be explained by reaction competition of species near and on the anode surface for experiments both with synthetic and local drinking waters. It is concluded that the use of electrodes producing highly reactive species must be more carefully controlled in hygienically and environmentally oriented applications.     

Kinetics and mechanism of low-temperature ozone decomposition by Co-ions adsorbed on silica

Kinetics and mechanism of low-temperature ozone ((5–50) × 10⁻³ mol/m³ in the gas–air mixture) decomposition by Co-catalysts supported on silica have been studied. Co-ions adsorbed on silica react with surface oxygen species, thus resulting in an active catalyst. Low concentrations of Co-ions form a monolayer on the surface. Their specific catalytic activity remained constant, but sharply decreased at higher concentrations due to a formation of polynuclear Co-complexes. Ozone decomposition may occur either as a stoichiometric or catalytic process, depending on the ozone and catalyst concentrations. The turnover number increases with ozone concentration reaching a saturation point. It also increases with Co-concentration in the beginning, but drops at a concentration >1 × 10⁻⁴ mol/g. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.