Mitigating Surface Deficiencies of Perovskite Single Crystals Enables Efficient Solar Cells with Enhanced Moisture and Reverse-Bias Stability

Metal halide perovskite single crystals are promising for diverse optoelectronic applications due to their outstanding properties. In comparison to the bulk, the crystal surface suffers from high defect density and is moisture sensitive; however, surface modification strategies of perovskite single crystals are relatively deficient. Herein, solar cells based on methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) thin single crystals are selected as a prototype to improve single-crystal perovskite devices by surface modification. The surface trap passivation and protection against moisture of MAPbI₃ thin single crystals are achieved by one bifunctional molecule 3-mercaptopropyl(dimethoxy)methylsilane (MDMS). The sulfur atom of MDMS can coordinate with bare Pb²⁺ of MAPbI₃ single crystals to reduce surface defect density and nonradiative recombination. As a result, the modified devices show a remarkable efficiency of 22.2%, which is the highest value for single-crystal MAPbI₃ solar cells. Moreover, MDMS modification mitigates surface ion migration, leading to enhanced reverse-bias stability. Finally, the cross-link of silane molecules forms a protective layer on the crystal surface, which results in enhanced moisture stability of both materials and devices. This work provides an effective way for surface modification of perovskite single crystals, which is important for improving the performance of single-crystal perovskite solar cells, photodetectors, X-ray detectors, etc.     

Direct Observation of Oxygen Ion Dynamics in a WO3-x based Second-Order Memristor with Dendritic Integration Functions

Direct observation of oxygen dynamics in an oxide-based second-order memristor can provide the valid evidence to clarify the memristive mechanism, however, which is still limited for now. In this study, the migration and diffusion of oxygen ions in the region of Pt/WO_3-x Schottky interface are observed in the WO_3-x second-order memristor by using the technique of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the electron energy loss spectroscopy. Interestingly, the coexistence of memristive and memcapacitive switching can be implemented in this memristor. Combined with the analysis of depth-profile X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), an interface-barrier-modulation second-order memristive model is proposed based on the above results. Notably, temporally correlative oxygen dynamics in the memristor offers the platform to integrate signals from multiple inputs, enabling the realization of the dendritic functions of synchronous and asynchronous integration for the application of logic operations with fault-tolerance capability and associative learning. These findings provide the experimental evidence to in-depth understanding of oxygen dynamics and switching mechanism in second-order memristor, which can support the optimization of memristive performance and the achievement of biorealistic synaptic functions.     

Extended state observer-based finite-region control for 2-D Markov jump systems

In this article, an extended state observer-based finite-region control scheme is presented for two-dimensional Markov jump systems with unknown mismatched disturbances. The mathematical model of the two-dimensional Markov jump systems is built on the well-known Roesser model. By establishing special recursive formulas and utilizing the 2-D Lyapunov function theory, sufficient conditions are obtained, which prove that the resultant system is finite-region bounded, if some linear matrix inequalities are achieved. Then, we provide an algorithm to solve the extended state observer-based controller gains. With the proposed control scheme, the external disturbances can be actively rejected from the system outputs. To conclude, a numerical example based on the Darboux equation is provided to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the devised control scheme.     

Regulation of Ionic Distribution and Desolvation Activation Energy Enabled by In Situ Zinc Phosphate Protective Layer toward Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anodes

Despite the merits of high specific capacity, low cost, and high safety, the practical application of aqueous Zn metal batteries (AZMBs) is plagued by the dendritic growth and corrosion reaction of Zn metal anodes. To solve these issues, a Zn₃(PO₄)₂·4H₂O protective layer is in-situ constructed on Zn foil (Zn@ZnPO) by a simple hydrothermal method, avoiding the traditional slurry-casting process. The insulating and conformable ZnPO layer improves the wettability of Zn@ZnPO and aqueous electrolyte via decreasing the contact angle to 11.7^o. Compared with bare Zn, the Zn@ZnPO possesses a lower desolvation activation energy of 35.25 kJ mol^-1, indicating that the ZnPO fasters the desolvation of hydrated Zn²⁺ ions and thereby ameliorates their transport dynamics. Micro-morphology and structural characterization show that there are no dendrites forming on the post-cycling Zn@ZnPO anodes, and the interfacial ZnPO layer remains almost identical before and after cycles. It can be explained that the electrochemically stable ZnPO layer acts as an ionic modulator to enable the homogeneous distribution of Zn²⁺ ions, inhibiting the growth of Zn dendrites. Benefiting from these advantages, the Zn@ZnPO based symmetric and full cells deliver highly reversible Zn plating/stripping behavior and long cycling lifespans.     

欺骗攻击下弹性自触发模型预测控制

针对在欺骗攻击下自触发模型预测控制系统的安全控制问题, 本文提出一种基于关键数据保护的弹性自 触发模型预测控制(MPC)策略. 对比现有的自触发MPC, 该方法仅需对少量关键控制样本进行保护, 则可保证闭环 系统稳定运行, 从而有效节省系统资源. 首先, 基于自触发MPC和欺骗攻击的特征推导标称系统与被攻击系统状态之间的误差上界, 从而定量分析出欺骗攻击对系统的损害. 然后, 通过所获得误差上界和李雅普诺夫定理建立关键数据的选取条件并对其实施保护. 最后, 严格证明了在仅对关键控制样本实施保护后, 被控系统仍可在欺骗攻击下保持稳定. 此外, 基于移动机器人和弹簧小车系统对所提算法进行了仿真实验, 结果表明所提算法能够显著节省保护资源, 验证了算法的有效性     

侧边机组故障对泵站前池流态的影响

为研究侧边机组故障对泵站前池流态的影响,本文建立了某泵站引渠、前池、进水池与吸入管三维数值模型,并基于VOF模型开展了数值计算。然后,根据计算结果分析了不同侧边机组故障情况对前池和引渠内流态的影响。最后,引入了流速分布均匀度作为量化指标,阐述了不同侧边机组故障情况对中间机组的吸入管进口流速分布的影响规律。结果表明:侧边单台机组故障时,前池内部流速分布相对无故障变化较小,但故障机组吸水池内产生大尺度漩涡,进而导致前池出口断面流速畸变,发生流速掺混现象;侧边机组全部故障时,前池内部产生大尺度涡系,造成前池出口断面流速严重掺混现象,且范围更大,并显著影响中间机组吸入管进口流态,造成进口流速不均匀分布,进而对中间机组运行产生不利影响。     

基于扩展滑模扰动观测器的永磁直线同步电机定结构滑模位置跟踪控制

由于永磁直线同步电机位置伺服系统易受参数扰动、外部干扰和端部效应的影响,该文提出一种定结构滑模控制器与扩展滑模扰动观测器相结合的复合式滑模位置控制方法。定结构滑模控制器通过加入限制条件,保证了系统状态都位于滑模面的同一侧,削弱了传统变结构滑模控制器由切换控制产生的抖振现象,提高了滑模滑动运动的品质。扩展滑模扰动观测器可以对定结构滑模控制器中无法精确测量的系统扰动项进行观测并补偿,从而消除了系统扰动项对定结构滑模控制器的影响。最后通过实验验证了该复合式滑模控制方法的有效性。实验结果表明,相比于传统的滑模控制,该复合式滑模控制方法可以实现更高的位置跟踪精度,不仅削弱了抖振现象,而且增强了位置跟踪系统的鲁棒性能。     

基于DeblurGAN的运动模糊图像盲复原算法研究

DeblurGAN方法利用条件生成对抗网络解决了端到端的图像去模糊问题,但存在图像边缘细节恢复不足以及鲁棒性不高的问题,针对此问题,提出一种基于DeblurGAN的运动模糊图像盲复原方法。在生成网络中,采用多尺度卷积核神经网络提取特征,并使用级联空洞卷积扩大神经元的感受野;采用自适配归一化方法代替原来生成器中使用的实例归一化方法。其次,引入了梯度图像L1损失,结合对抗损失和感知损失,将其作为图像去模糊的正则约束,使得生成图像的边缘特征更加清晰。实验结果表明,提出方法复原的图像峰值信噪比数值较DeblurGAN算法高出5.4%,结构相似性指标高出1%;在主观上清晰化效果较好,且消除了网格效应。     

一种用于心电信号采集的LCADC

设计了一种适用于心电信号处理的连续时间LCADC电路。电路去掉了传统电压模式的DAC模块,采用了N-bit电流舵DAC,解决了传统电压模式DAC存在的电容漏电问题。该电路包括一个电压至电流转换器、 7-bit电流舵DAC、电平交叉检测模块以及偏移标准补偿模块。 电路采用SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺设计,电源电压为1 V。仿真结果表明,整体电路功耗为8.1 μW @500 Hz。通过MATLAB对数据进行处理,SNDR为53.8 dB @500 Hz,ENOB达到了8.64 bit,输入信号范围内SNDR范围为52.8~63.6 dB,电路功耗范围为7.3~8.5 μW。该电路适用于低频心电信号的采集。