Rational design on photoelectrodes and devices to boost photoelectrochemical performance of solar-driven water splitting: a mini review

As an eco-friendly, efficient, and low-cost technique, photoelectrochemical water splitting has attracted growing interest in the production of clean and sustainable hydrogen by the conversion of abundant solar energy. In the photoelectrochemical system, the photoelectrode plays a vital role in absorbing the energy of sunlight to trigger the water splitting process and the overall efficiency depends largely on the integration and design of photoelectrochemical devices. In recent years, the optimization of photoelectrodes and photoelectrochemical devices to achieve highly efficient hydrogen production has been extensively investigated. In this paper, a concise review of recent advances in the modification of nanostructured photoelectrodes and the design of photoelectrochemical devices is presented. Meanwhile, the general principles of structural and morphological factors in altering the photoelectrochemical performance of photoelectrodes are discussed. Furthermore, the performance indicators and first principles to describe the behaviors of charge carriers are analyzed, which will be of profound guiding significance to increasing the overall efficiency of the photoelectrochemical water splitting system. Finally, current challenges and prospects for an in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms using advanced characterization technologies and potential strategies for developing novel photoelectrodes and advanced photoelectrochemical water splitting devices are demonstrated.     

舞钢14Cr1MoR类高性能容器钢板的研发历程

14Cr1MoR类钢具有良好的抗回火脆化性能、优良的低温冲击韧性及耐腐蚀性,在煤化工行业的关键核心设备制造上得到广泛应用.针对技术要求持续加严等事实,通过简要回顾舞钢14Cr1MoR类钢板研究背景和开发过程,着重介绍了钢种的技术发展趋势、实物质量水平和供货业绩,对舞钢生产14Cr1MoR类钢板的市场推广和应用具有积极意义,可供设计院和下游制造厂在设计选材时参考借鉴.     

Interpretation of Dynamic Strain Aging in an Intercritical Annealed Steel by Dislocation Multiplication Induced by Martensitic Transformation

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - To elucidate the dynamic strain aging (DSA) mechanism that causes serrated flow in the tensile curves of an intercritical annealed steel with retained...     

Substrate Stimulated Orientation for Pure Aluminum

Oriented materials are of great importance, but their formation is rarely described. Here, nine Al/Al₂O₃ systems were designed to identify the dominant factors. Electron back-scattered diffraction indicates that the new Al crystal(s) with one or multiple orientation(s) can be stimulated by one single-crystal Al₂O₃ substrates. Synchrotron radiation diffraction shows that the preferred orientation(s) is/are determined based on the initial stage of the liquid–solid transition. The nonpreferred orientation can be suppressed through competition.

     

聚乙二醇改性脱除煤沥青中3,4-苯并芘

以聚乙二醇为改性剂,研究在溶剂条件下降低煤沥青中3,4-苯并芘的工艺。研究表明,当混合溶剂V环己烷∶V甲苯=2∶1为反应溶剂、硫酸用量为煤沥青质量的6.67%、聚乙二醇600用量为煤沥青质量的10%、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为5h时,3,4-苯并芘降低率为85.59%。     

混合溶剂芳脂比与特定温度下密度的关系

为提高生产效率、降低生产成本、快速判断混合溶剂芳脂比,研究了混合溶剂芳脂比与特定温度下密度的关系。实验结果表明,混合溶剂的芳脂比与其特定温度下的密度之间存在明显线性关系,且该线性关系对生产具有指导意义。     

含氰基聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备及其热分解动力学

以4-[3,5-双(4-氨基苯氧基)苯氧基]邻苯二甲腈和3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐为原料,经聚酰胺酸热酰亚胺化制备含氰基的聚酰亚胺(CN-BP-PI)薄膜。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析、差示扫描量热法对CN-BP-PI薄膜进行了分析。采用动态热重法研究了CN-BP-PI的分解动力学,用积分法结合常见固相热分解反应动力学函数来判断热分解的动力学函数。由Ozawa,KAS,Kissinger,Achar,Coats-Redfern,MacCallum-Tanner,van Krevelen方程求热分解反应的动力学参数。转化率为0.2~0.8时所得CN-BP-PI在氮气中热分解反应的表观活化能为119.68~215.61 kJ/mol,平均活化能为136.35 kJ/mol,指前因子平均值为8.52×107 s-1。     

三相内循环流化床式光催化反应器降解酸性红A

对三相内循环流化床式光催化反应器进行优化改造。应用改造后反应器及UV/TiO2技术进行酸性红A废水降解的动力学考察,结果显示:在空气流率为0.8 m3/h,二氧化钛投加量为1 g/L条件下,废水经75 min反应,脱色率接近100%;经400 min反应,总有机碳去除率达到87%。借助液相色谱-质谱的检测,推断出酸性红A可能有的降解路径。     

Fluidity improvement of semiaromatic polyamides: Modification with oligomers

Poly(decamethylene terephthalamide) PA10T with different relative viscosities (RV) were successfully produced by the reaction of 1,10‐decanediamine and terephthalic acid through molecular weight regulator benzoic acid (BA). RV was shown to be decreased linearly with increasing BA concentrations and detailed structures of PA10Ts were characterized by ¹³C‐NMR. Fluidity of PA10T with varying molecular weight was tested and low RV PA10Ts were used as modifiers to improve fluidity behaviors of high RV PA10Ts, meanwhile mechanical properties were maintained. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40058.     

Preparation of antimicrobial polycarboxybetaine‐based hydrogels for studies of drug loading and release

A series of cationic poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM)‐g‐poly(carboxybetaine ester) (PCBMAE) hydrogels were prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization with PCBMAE precursors reacting with N‐isopropyl acrylamide in the presence of N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide. These hydrogels exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and could switch to nontoxic zwitterionic hydrogels after hydrolysis. Nonionic tetracycline hydrochloride (TCHC) and anionic sodium salicylate (SA) were selected to evaluate the loading capacities and release kinetics of the cationic hydrogels. We found that the loading efficiencies of TCHC in the PNIPAM‐g‐PCBMAE hydrogels were approximately twice as high as those of SA. However, the cumulative release amount of TCHC was lower than that of SA from the corresponding cationic hydrogel at 37°C. In addition, the PNIPAM‐g‐PCBMAE hydrogels exhibited accelerated release rates of both TCHC and SA with increasing content of (2‐carboxymethyl)?3‐acryloxyethyldimethylammonium chloride methyl ester. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39839.