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排序方式: 共有684条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
41.
In order to study the contrast difference between scanning ion microscopes (SIM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM), the depth and lateral distributions of secondary electrons escaped from surfaces of 17 metals with atomic numbers, Z2, of 4-79 were calculated for bombardment with 30 keV Ga ions and for 10 keV electrons. For both projectiles, the excitation depth generally decreased with increasing Z2, while showing the same periodic change as the secondary-electron yield. However, an opposite trend in Z2 dependence between the Ga ion and electron bombardments was calculated with the lateral distribution of secondary electrons escaped from the surface. Except for low Z2 metals, the lateral distribution, which is much narrower for 30 keV Ga ions than for 10 keV electrons, indicates that the spatial resolution of the secondary-electron images is better for SIM than for SEM, if zero-sized probe beams are assumed. Furthermore, the present calculation reveals important effects of electron excitation by recoiled material atoms and reflected electrons on the lateral distribution, as well as the secondary-electron yield, for the Ga ion and electron bombardments, respectively. 相似文献
42.
Awane T Kimura T Nishida K Ishikawa N Tanuma S Nakamura M 《Analytical chemistry》2003,75(15):3831-3836
Grazing exit electron probe microanalysis (GE-EPMA) is a new method of EPMA in which characteristic X-rays emitted from only near-surface regions of a specimen are detected at extremely low exit angles near 0 degrees (the grazing exit condition). This technique requires the analytical objects exist on a flat surface. Therefore, the GE-EPMA analysis has been used only for the analysis of particles or a thin film on a flat substrate so that there were only few applications for practical analysis. As a new application, we have carried out GE-EPMA analysis of approximately 0.2-microm inclusions on stainless steel, which appeared to be a projection on the specimen surface with chemical etching. The GE-EPMA quantitative results were in excellent agreement with those of inclusions that were extracted from the stainless steel and analyzed by EPMA with conventional exit condition (30 degrees). This method could be, therefore, applied to the analysis of the submicrometer inclusion in a wide variety of metallic materials if the inclusion appears to be a projection with chemical etching treatment. 相似文献
43.
Takano Y Koizumi M Takarada R Kamimura MT Czerminski R Koike T 《Journal of molecular graphics & modelling》2003,22(2):105-114
We have investigated a new approach to efficiently find a novel inhibitor against a serine protease (i.e. an activated coagulation factor X, FXa) by using de novo design programs and the X-ray crystal structure of the target enzyme. FXa is a coagulant enzyme that generates thrombin (a serine protease) and participates in both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. We adopted multiple copy simultaneous search (MCSS) and CAVEAT linker search techniques, which disclosed a novel FXa inhibitor (T01312) consisting of two binding moieties (the benzamidinyl and adamantyl groups) and a linker unit (the carboxybenzylamine group). The inhibitory activity of T01312 against FXa was determined to be a small K(i)-value of 48nM, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than that against thrombin. An X-ray crystal analysis of T01312 complexed with trypsin (an analogue of FXa) and docking studies of T01312 with trypsin and FXa showed that: (i) the benzamidinyl group is a predominant binding moiety in the anionic pocket (S1 site) with an asparatic acid residue; (ii) a hydrophobic pocket (S4 site) is the binding site of the adamantyl group; (iii) the carboxylate group of the linker contributes to the selectivity for FXa against thrombin. Thus, the combination of the knowledge of the X-ray crystal structure of the target molecule with MCSS and CAVEAT linker search techniques proved to be an effective hit-finding method that does not require the screening of huge compound libraries. 相似文献
44.
We propose a new algorithm for routing packets which effectively avoids packet congestion in computer networks. The algorithm
involves chaotic neurodynamics. To realize effective packet routing, we first composed a basic method by a neural network,
which routes packets with shortest path information between two nodes in the computer network. When the computer network has
an irregular topology, the basic routing method does not work well, because most of packets cannot be transmitted to their
destinations due to packet congestion in the computer network. To avoid such an undesirable problem, we employed chaotic neurodynamics
to extend the basic method. Numerical experiments show that our proposed method exhibits good performance for scale-free networks.
We also analyze why the proposed routing method is effective, comparing the proposed method with several stochastic methods.
We introduced the method of surrogate data, a statistical hypothesis testing which is often used in the field of nonlinear
time-series analysis. Analysis of the proposed method by the method of surrogate data reveals that the chaotic neurodynamics
is most effective to decentralize the packet congestion in the computer network. 相似文献
45.
Kensuke Miyahara Saburo Matsuoka Tohru Hayashi 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2001,32(3):761-768
A nanoindentation hardness testing system, including an atomic-force microscope (AFM)-based nanoindentation tester and a calibration
method using electrolytically polished single-crystal metals as references, was proposed. This was applied to a study of the
mechanical properties of fine-grained ferritic steel (grain size of 1.2 μm) and coarse-grained ferritic steel (30 μm). An
empirical function giving the macroscopic hardness for all four reference metals from the nanoindentation force curves was
established. The converted Vickers hardness (HV*) of the coarse-grained steel is almost independent of the indent size. The
fine-grained steel shows only HV* 130 with an indent of only 100 nm, compared with a macroscopic hardness of HV 210. The difference,
HV 80, is considered to reflect the amount of grain-boundary strengthening. The critical indent size for the hardness transition
seems to be around 1 μm, comparable to the grain size of the specimen. This result supports the explanation of grainboundary
strengthening. It is also consistent with Pickering’s work on low-carbon steel, as the estimated locking parameter (k of 2.6×105 N/m3/2) in the Hall-Petch relationship is in good agreement with his value of 2.4×105 N/m3/2. 相似文献
46.
Mitsutoshi Okada Tohru Hisamatsu Takayuki Kitamura 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2009,18(1):90-95
A superalloy with a thermal barrier coating (TBC) simulating a gas turbine blade is exposed to a high-temperature environment
to develop a method for predicting the local temperature and Al content in a bond coat (BC). The Al content decreases with
an increase in the test time due to the Al transport induced by the oxidation of the BC and the interdiffusion between the
BC and the substrate. This brings about Al-decreased layer (ADL) at the boundary between the BC and the top coat. The thickness
of the ADL increases in proportion to the square root of the test time, and the temperature dependence of the growth rate
shows an Arrhenius-type behavior. Based on this relation, the local temperature of an in-service blade can be estimated by
measuring the ADL thickness when the operation time is known. The Al content decreases in proportion to the ADL thickness.
The prediction method of the Al content based on the relation is also presented. 相似文献
47.
Qingjun Zhu Makoto Takiguchi Tohru Setoyama Toshiyuki Yokoi Junko N. Kondo Takashi Tatsumi 《Catalysis Letters》2011,141(5):670-677
Abstract
Cr/silicalite-1 and Cr/H[B]MFI catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method, and Cr/H[B]MFI were further treated by steaming. The catalysts were employed for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with CO2 as the oxidant. Cr/H[B]MFI showed significantly higher catalytic activity than Cr/silicalite-1, and steamed Cr/H[B]MFI was superior in the reaction stability to Cr/H[B]MFI. The nature of the supported chromium species have been characterized by a number of physicochemical techniques, such as Raman, UV–vis and NMR. It is concluded that the steaming led to the auto-reduction of some Cr6+ to Cr3+, and resultant Cr3+ species might be located near the boron center in the borosilicate framework to counterbalance the negative charge of the framework. The transformation of Cr6+ species to Cr3+ species, facilitated by the steaming process and the presence of boron in the catalyst, is responsible for the enhanced stability of oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with carbon dioxide as the oxidant. 相似文献48.
Development of multianode photomultiplier tube 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fumuhiko Takasaki Hitoshi Saito Tohru Fukui Teruhiko Matsushita Toshihiro Suzuki 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》1987,260(2-3):447-450
We have developed a multianode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT) which has a sensitive cathode diameter of 36 mm and an anode with 88 segments. The position sensitivity of the tube was studied by using light from a LED and scintillation light from a scintillation-fiber bundle. We observed particle tracks for the first time by using a single photomultiplier tube. 相似文献
49.
Toshiyuki Akazawa Kohji Itabashi Masaru Murata Tomoya Sasaki Junichi Tazaki Makoto Arisue Masayoshi Kobayashi Tohru Kanno 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2005,88(12):3545-3548
Bioresorbable and functionally graded apatites (fg-HAp) ceramics, which are characterized by gradations in crystallinity and the grain size of hydroxyapatite (HAp:Ca10 (PO4 )6 (OH)2 ), were designed using bovine bone by the calcination and partial dissolution–precipitation method. The fg-HAp ceramics had macropores of 100–600 μm originated from spongy bone, and micropores of 10–160 nm. Fg-HAp ceramics loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2/fg-HAp) were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Eight weeks after the implantation, the surface and bulk degradations of the fg-HAp-containing body fluid occured, and small pieces of fg-HAp were incorporated into the induced bone and fatty marrow, suggesting that osteoinduction occurred in conjunction with bone remodeling. The rhBMP-2/fg-HAp ceramics developed could become a resorbable biomimetic material with fast bioresorption and osteoinduction characteristics. 相似文献
50.
Hirofumi Kakemoto Tohru Higuchi Hajime Shibata Satoshi Wada Takaaki Tsurumi 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2008,19(4):311-314
The modification of thermoelectric figure of merit was estimated from enhanced mobility of [100] oriented beta-FeSi2 film. beta-FeSi2 on Si(001) substrate was prepared by molecular beam epitaxy method using an Fe source. The crystallographic orientation of
beta-FeSi2 film on Si(001) substrate was characterized by using X-ray diffraction. Using scanning electron microscopy, surface morphology
and film thickness of samples were observed and estimated, respectively. The mobility of beta-FeS2 film on Si(001) substrate were also characterized by Hall measurement at room temperature. A part of the enhancement of figure
of merit was evaluated as the functions of mobility and crystallographic orientation of samples. 相似文献