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41.
Mechanical properties of a single polystyrene chain in mixtures of dioxane and methanol were measured with AFM. The effect of the solubility of the surrounding liquid on mechanical behavior of a polymer chain was examined. In good and Θ solvents, the force-extension curves exhibit a freely jointed chain (FJC)-like trend with good reproducibility. In a non-solvent, the profile of force-extension curve was dependent on the extension speed: an FJC-like nature emerged at the lower speed of 200 nm/s while saw-toothed curves were obtained at the higher speed of 2000 nm/s. The shape of saw-toothed curves varied from measurement to measurement. A force relaxation was also observed in the non-solvent under a fixed extension distance after 2000 nm/s extension. The mechanical behavior in non-solvents suggests that inhomogeneous deformation of a PS chain occurs due to reduction of the chain mobility. 相似文献
42.
Satoru TakeshitaTatsuya Watanabe Tetsuhiko Isobe Tomohiro SawayamaSeiji Niikura 《Optical Materials》2011,33(3):323-326
YVO4:Bi3+,Eu3+ nanophosphor synthesized by the citrate route shows the photobleaching behavior, i.e., the decrease in photoluminescence intensity under the continuous irradiation of excitation light. This photobleaching property is remarkably suppressed by the washing post-treatment combined with centrifugation and the hydrothermal post-treatment. A relation between the fraction of photobleach and the amount of citrate ions coordinating to metallic ions at the surface of nanoparticles verifies that the photobleaching behavior of YVO4:Bi3+,Eu3+ nanophosphor originates from the redox reaction between the citrate ions and V5+ in YVO4 host crystal. The long-term light fastness test reveals that the hydrothermally treated YVO4:Bi3+,Eu3+ nanophosphor has sufficient photostability for practical use over 15 years outside. 相似文献
43.
Ferroelectric properties of ultrathin films of Nylon 11 were investigated. The thickness was in the range of 25 to 55 nm. Ferroelectric response was largely affected by thermal annealing and following cooling conditions. Thermal annealing at higher temperature followed by quenching in liquid nitrogen gave larger remanent polarization and smoother surface, whereas cooling down in an ambient atmosphere caused smaller remanent polarization and rough surface. Surface roughness strongly affected the polarization reversal and remanent polarization. Hydrogen bonding in crystal was also significantly related to the polarization reversal and thus remanent polarization. 相似文献
44.
45.
Alfons Weisenburger Kazumi Aoto Annette Heinzel Tomohiro Furukawa 《Journal of Nuclear Materials》2006,358(1):69-76
The behaviour of protective oxide layers on P122 steel and its welds and of ODS steel in liquid Pb44.5Bi55.5 (LBE) is examined under conditions of changing temperatures and oxygen concentrations. P122 (12Cr) and its welded joints are exposed to LBE at 550 °C for 4000 h with oxygen concentrations of 10−6 and 10−8 wt% (p(O2) = 8.1 × 10−23 bar and 5.2 × 10−27 bar) which change every 800 h. It is found that like in case of constant oxygen concentration of 10−6 wt% a protective spinel layer (Fe(Fe1−xCrx)2O4) was maintained on P122 and also on its welded joint. Two experiments with exposure times of 4800 h are conducted on ODS steel, both with temperatures changing from 550 to 650 °C and back every 800 h, one experiment with 10−6 the other with 10−8 wt% oxygen in LBE. Both experiments show strong local dissolution attack after 4800 h which is in agreement with the behaviour of ODS in LBE at a constant temperature of 650 °C. However, dissolution attack is less in LBE with 10−8 wt% oxygen (p(O2) = 3.0 × 10−25 bar). 相似文献
46.
Statistical Learning for Humanoid Robots 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Sethu Vijayakumar Aaron D'souza Tomohiro Shibata Jörg Conradt Stefan Schaal 《Autonomous Robots》2002,12(1):55-69
The complexity of the kinematic and dynamic structure of humanoid robots make conventional analytical approaches to control increasingly unsuitable for such systems. Learning techniques offer a possible way to aid controller design if insufficient analytical knowledge is available, and learning approaches seem mandatory when humanoid systems are supposed to become completely autonomous. While recent research in neural networks and statistical learning has focused mostly on learning from finite data sets without stringent constraints on computational efficiency, learning for humanoid robots requires a different setting, characterized by the need for real-time learning performance from an essentially infinite stream of incrementally arriving data. This paper demonstrates how even high-dimensional learning problems of this kind can successfully be dealt with by techniques from nonparametric regression and locally weighted learning. As an example, we describe the application of one of the most advanced of such algorithms, Locally Weighted Projection Regression (LWPR), to the on-line learning of three problems in humanoid motor control: the learning of inverse dynamics models for model-based control, the learning of inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators, and the learning of oculomotor reflexes. All these examples demonstrate fast, i.e., within seconds or minutes, learning convergence with highly accurate final peformance. We conclude that real-time learning for complex motor system like humanoid robots is possible with appropriately tailored algorithms, such that increasingly autonomous robots with massive learning abilities should be achievable in the near future. 相似文献
47.
M Tomohiro Y Aida M Inomata Y Ito A Mizuno S Sakuma 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,41(3):121-129
The purpose of this study is to examine if microencapsulated PC12 cells may provide long term effects to the hemiparkinsonian rats. A modified technique was used to encapsulate PC12 cells into gelled microspheres. We found that the PC12 cells can survive in the modified microcapsules in vitro. Most of the PC12 cells formed cluster 3 weeks after incubation. The PC12 cell-loaded microcapsules were also examined in vitro. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats, anesthetized with chloral hydrate, were injected unilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle. The effectiveness of this lesion was tested by measuring apomorphine or methamphetamine-induced rotation one month after lesioning. The unilaterally lesioned rats were transplanted with microencapsulated PC12 cells. Results showed that apomorphine and methamphetamine-induced rotations were greatly suppressed after transplantation. One year after the grafting, the animals were anesthetized with urethane for the voltammetric study. Low dose of KCl was directly injected into the grafted striatum through pressure microejection. We found that KCl-induced DA release, as measured by voltammetric techniques, was regenerated in the striatum. The animals were later sacrificed for histological examination. We found that capsules were present in the lesioned striatum one year after grafting. Most of the capsules contained no PC12 cell. However, some capsules were filled entirely with PC12 cells. Taken together, our data suggested that PC12 cells can survive in the capsule in vitro and may provide long-term dopaminergic effects to the hemiparkinsonian rats. 相似文献
48.
Summary Series of several alkylated cycloheptanes were detected in some commercial samples of high pressure polyethylene. The structures of the alkylated cycloheptanes were found closely related to the chain transfer agents used in the polymerization process. A probable mechanism involving radical cyclization to cycloheptane structures was presented. 相似文献
49.
Koichiro Koyama Masao Morishita Tomohiro Harada Nobuyuki Maekawa 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2003,34(5):653-659
The standard Gibbs energies of formation of Fe2Mo3O12, Fe2Mo3O8, FeMoO4, and Fe2MoO4 of the Fe-Mo-O ternary system and the μ phase of the Fe-Mo binary system have been determined by measuring electromotive forces of galvanic cells having an Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 solid electrolyte. The results are as follows: $$\begin{gathered} \Delta _f G^\circ (FeMoO_4 )/kJ \cdot mol^{ - 1} = - 1053.5 + 0.2983(T/K) \pm 0.4 \hfill \\ Temperature range: 1112 to 1339 K \hfill \\ \Delta _f G^\circ (Fe_2 Mo_3 O_8 )/kJ \cdot mol^{ - 1} = - 2347 + 0.6814(T/K) \pm 1 \hfill \\ Temperature range: 1112 to 1339 K \hfill \\ \Delta _f G^\circ (Fe_2 Mo_3 O_{12} )/kJ \cdot mol^{ - 1} = - 2993 + 0.9105(T/K) \pm 2 \hfill \\ Temperature range: 1040 to 1145 K \hfill \\ \Delta _f G^\circ (Fe_{0.58} Mo_{0.42} )/kJ \cdot mol^{ - 1} = - 18.7 + 0.0117(T/K) \pm 0.1 \hfill \\ Temperature range: 1162 to 1223 K \hfill \\ \Delta _f G^\circ (Fe_2 MoO_4 )/kJ \cdot mol^{ - 1} = - 1174 + 0.342(T/K) \pm 1 \hfill \\ Temperature range: 1243 to 1466 K \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where the standard pressure is 1 bar (100 kPa). 相似文献
50.
The tropospheric particle extinction-to-backscatter ratio, the depolarization ratio, and the water-vapor mixing ratio were measured by use of a Raman lidar and a polarization lidar during the Asian dust seasons in 2001 and 2002 in Tsukuba, Japan. The apparent (not corrected for multiple-scattering effects) extinction-to-backscatter ratios (Sp) showed a dependence on the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) obtained from the lidar-derived water-vapor mixing ratio and radiosonde-derived temperature; they were mostly higher than 30 sr in dry air (RHice < 50%), whereas they were mostly lower than 30 sr in ice-supersaturated air (RHice > or = 100%), where the apparent extinction coefficients were larger than 0.036 km(-1). Both regions showed mean particle depolarization ratios of 20%-22%. Comparisons with theoretical calculations and the previous experiments suggest that the observed dependence of Sp on RHice is attributed to the difference in the predominant particles: nonspherical aerosols (mainly the Asian dust) in dry air and cloud particles in ice-supersaturated air. 相似文献