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71.
Simultaneous single-frequency oscillations on different transitions have been observed experimentally in a laser-diode-pumped microchip LiNdP4O12 laser. The peculiar modal input-output characteristics and the antiphase relaxation oscillation dynamics have been reproduced theoretically using rate equations, including the strong spatial localization of population inversions, cross saturation, and resonant reabsorption loss in an unpumped region brought about by the inherent high Nd concentrations 相似文献
72.
The presence of multiple microcracks in a structural component causes material degradation such as reduction in the stiffness or reduction in the fracture toughness of the component. In this paper, the homogenization method is used to evaluate mechanical properties of the damaged material. The adaptation of the superposition method to the homogenization method is also presented. The proposed method makes use of the finite element solution of uncracked solid and the analytical solution. The effective elastic moduli of damaged materials containing lattice-distribution microcracks are estimated by the proposed method. Furthermore, the stress fields and the stress intensity factors of the elliptical microcracks in the damaged material at a micro-mechanics scale are evaluated to illustrate microscopic behavior such as crack interaction. 相似文献
73.
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75.
Tomonobu Senjyu Ryosei Sakamoto Naomitsu Urasaki Toshihisa Funabashi Hideki Fujita Hideomi Sekine 《Electrical Engineering in Japan》2007,158(4):31-41
Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy instead of fossil fuels is desirable. Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the generated power of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce the output power fluctuation of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for a wind farm based on both the average wind farm output power and the standard deviation of the wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and pitch angle control using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) in all WTG operating regions. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 31– 41, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20448 相似文献
76.
A. Sakaguchi K. Kawai T. Imanaka S. Endo M. Yamamoto 《The Science of the total environment》2010,408(22):5392-5398
The first results on the feasibility of using 236U to reconstruct the level and spatial distribution of close-in fallout deposition from the Hiroshima A-bomb are reported, coupled with the use of global fallout 137Cs and 239 + 240Pu. The results for global fallout 236U in soil samples (0-30 cm) from Ishikawa prefecture showed that the deposition density of 236U from the global fallout can be accurately evaluated using AMS. All deposited 236U, 137Cs and 239 + 240Pu appeared to have been recovered using 30-cm cores. It was also noted from the depth profiles for 236U/239 + 240Pu and 236U/137Cs ratios that the downward behavior of 236U in the soil was apparently similar to that of 239 + 240Pu, while the 137Cs was liable to be retained in upper layers compared with 236U and 239 + 240Pu. The accumulated levels were 1.78 × 1013 atoms m− 2 for 236U, 4340 Bq m− 2 for 137Cs and 141 Bq m− 2 for 239 + 240Pu. The ratios of 236U/137Cs and 236U/239 + 240Pu were (4.10 ± 0.12) × 109 and (1.26 ± 0.04) × 1011 atoms Bq− 1, respectively. Results of 236U, 137Cs and 239 + 240Pu measurements for the seven soil cores (0-30 cm) from Hiroshima were discussed on the basis of ratios of 236U/137Cs and 236U/239 + 240Pu by comparing with those from the background area in Ishikawa, indicating that the global fallout dominates the current level of 236U accumulation in soil in the Black-rain area around Hiroshima after the Hiroshima bomb, and the contribution of the close-in fallout 236U produced by the Hiroshima A-bomb seems difficult to observe. 相似文献
77.
Kim J Yamasaki R Park J Jung H Lee H Kawai T 《Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering》2004,97(2):138-140
Protein adsorption on a gold surface is investigated by comparing the results of quartz crystal microbalance method and atomic force microscopy. The adsorption of streptavidin on functional gold surfaces is directly monitored by a quartz crystal microbalance, and confirmed by atomic force microscopy. For this investigation, a modified gold substrate is fabricated to obtain a topographic image of streptavidin molecules. Both methods show a correlation in terms of the highly dense protein single-layer formation, and the modified gold electrode shows a slightly denser protein layer formation because of the difference in substrate geometry as compared with that of a mica surface. 相似文献
78.
Kawai E Akatsuka H Sakurai N Idei A Matsumae H Shibatani T Komatsubara S Omori K 《Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering》2001,91(4):409-415
We have isolated a lipase-overproducing mutant, GE14, from Serratia marcescens 8000 after three rounds of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. The mutant GE14 produced 95 kU/ml of extracellular lipase in the lipase medium, which was about threefold higher than that of produced by the original strain 8000. Enzymatic characteristics including specific activity of purified lipases from culture supernatants of GE14 and 8000 were almost same. The lipase gene (lipA) of GE14 contained two base substitutions; one in the promoter region and another in the N-terminal region of the lipA gene without an amino acid substitution. Promoter analysis using lipA-lacZ fusion plasmids revealed that these substitutions were responsible for the increase in the lipA expression level, independently. In contrast, no base substitution was found in the genes encoding the lipase secretion device, the Lip system. In addition, the genes coding for metalloprotease and the cell surface layer protein which are both secreted through the Lip system and associated with extracellular lipase production, also contained no base substitution. The strain GE14 carrying a high-copy-number lipA plasmid produced a larger amount of the extracellular lipase than the recombinant strains of 8000 and other mutants also did, indicating that GE14 was not only a lipase-overproducing strain, but also an advantageous host strain for overproducing the lipase by a recombinant DNA technique. These results suggest that the lipase-overproducing mutant GE14 and its recombinant strains are promising candidates for the industrial production of the S. marcescens lipase. 相似文献
79.
Determination of alkylphenols,bisphenol A,benzophenone and phthalates in containers of baby food,and migration into food simulants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ozaki A Yamaguchi Y Okamoto A Kawai N 《Shokuhin eiseigaku zasshi. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan》2002,43(4):260-266
Infants, whose growth and development are highly dependent upon the endocrine system, are particularly vulnerable to endocrine disruptor exposure. In our study, we examined whether or not alkylphenols, bisphenol A, benzophenone, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate and 10 phthalates are present in containers of baby food. Furthermore, the migration into food-simulating solvents was also examined. Sixteen types of containers of baby food, obtained on the Japanese market in 2001, were examined: 8 glass bottle types, 1 plastic type, 1 metallic package (laminated with plastic) and 6 multilayered laminated film packages. Alkylphenols, benzophenone, bisphenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate were not detected in any of the samples. On the other hand, dibutylphthalate (DBP) was detected in 7 samples (1.2-9.1 micrograms/sample), and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was detected in 15 samples (1.3-18 micrograms/sample). Migration tests were carried out for 5 samples, and the levels of DBP and DEHP that migrated into n-heptane were 0.68-1.7 micrograms/sample and 0.33-3.5 micrograms/sample, respectively. From these results, a baby's intake levels of DBP and DEHP were estimated to be about 1/2,500 and 1/90-300 of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), respectively. 相似文献
80.
Ralf Zimmermann Toshihisa Osaki Rüdiger Schweiß Carsten Werner 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2006,2(5):367-379
Electrokinetic effects play an important role in microfluidics and nanofluidics. Although the related phenomena are often utilized to control fluid flow and sample transport in lab-on-a-chip devices, their dependency on the surface charges on the channel walls often remain enigmatic. This is mainly due to the lack of adequate experimental methods to analyse the electrical charging of solid/liquid interfaces of interest. To address this need, an experimental set-up—designated as microslit electrokinetic set-up (MES)—has been recently developed and applied for the investigation of charge formation processes at planar solid/liquid interfaces. The device permits to perform streaming potential and streaming current measurements across a rectangular streaming channel formed by two parallel sample carriers (20×10×3 mm3) at variable distance allowing for the determination of the surface conductivity. Utilizing the MES, charge characteristics can be determined for a wide variety of materials prepared as thin films on top of planar glass substrates. Streaming potential and streaming current data permit to investigate the mechanisms of charge formation while surface conductivity data provide information about mobile charge carriers located in different zones at the interface. The applicability of this advanced experimental approach is demonstrated with examples obtained for surfaces with different levels of complexity:
- Preferential ion adsorption onto unpolar fluoropolymer (Teflon® AF) films was characterized in simple electrolyte solutions; the results were quantitatively evaluated with respect to interfacial ion concentrations.
- Interrelation of charge density and conformation of grafted poly(L-glutamic acid layers) were unravelled from the determination of pH-depended variations of surface conductivity and layer thickness.
- The impact of spatial confinements of surface functional groups on their acid–base behaviour was studied with self-assembled monomolecular films of alkanethiols chemisorbed on gold.
- Charging of and ion mobility within poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes prepared by a Langmuir–Blodgett technique were analysed at varied pH and ionic strength.
- Interfacial modes of adsorbed proteins were distinguished at two polymer surfaces with varied hydrophobicity/charge density.