A behavioral analysis of the role of CA3 and CA1 subcortical efferents during classical fear conditioning.

It has been proposed that the hippocampus and subcortical structures interact during the processing of fear and anxiety-related information. It has been demonstrated that the subcortical efferents from CA3 and CA1 can be selectively disrupted without concomitant disruption to the afferents. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the role of CA3 efferents via the fimbria and the CA1 efferents via the dorsal fornix for encoding and consolidation/retrieval of classical fear conditioning. The present data suggest that the subcortical projections from CA3 and CA1 are differentially involved in the processing of classical fear conditioning, with CA3 subcortical efferents supporting acquisition of both cued and contextual fear but only supporting retention of contextual fear and CA1 subcortical efferents supporting the encoding and retrieval of both cued and contextual fear. These data further suggest that all hippocampal efferents are not homogeneous, and that the hippocampus and subcortex interact to process conditioned fear. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

日本清酒入门(一)

简要介绍日本清酒的生产方法 ,包括酒的知识、精米、蒸米、制曲、酵母、分析、勾兑等。(一平)     

烧酒白曲用于生料白米酒精发酵的研究

研究了生料白米酿制传统烧酒,结果表明,烧酒曲的淀粉消化率非常高,达20%,最佳pH值为3.5。制曲米与原料米的比例减少至25%,生料米原料仍能全部糖化,只是发酵前期速度较慢,后期则与熟料发酵相同。     

Scenario-based Impact Assessment of Land Use/Cover and Climate Changes on Water Resources and Demand: A Case Study in the Srepok River Basin,Vietnam—Cambodia

This study investigates an interdisciplinary scenario analysis to assess the potential impacts of climate, land use/cover and population changes on future water availability and demand in the Srepok River basin, a trans-boundary basin. Based on the output from a high-resolution Regional Climate Model (ECHAM 4, Scenarios A2 and B2) developed by the Southeast Asia—System for Analysis, Research and Training (SEA-START) Regional Center, future rainfall was downscaled to the study area and bias correction was carried out to generate the daily rainfall series. Land use/cover change was quantified using a GIS-based logistic regression approach and future population was projected from the historical data. These changes, individually or in combination, were then input into the calibrated hydrological model (HEC-HMS) to project future hydrological variables. The results reveal that surface runoff will be increased with increased future rainfall. Land use/cover change is found to have the largest impact on increased water demand, and thus reduced future water availability. The combined scenario shows an increasing level of water stress at both the basin and sub-basin levels, especially in the dry season.     

Combustion and emission performances of coconut,palm and soybean methyl esters under reacting spray flame conditions

The spray combustion characteristics of coconut (CME), palm (PME) and soybean (SME) biodiesels/methyl esters were compared with diesel by using an axial swirl flame burner. Atomisation of the liquid fuels was achieved via an airblast-type nozzle with varied atomising air-to-liquid ratios (ALR) of 2–2.5. The fully developed sprays were mixed with strongly swirled air to form combustible mixtures prior to igniting at the burner outlet. Under fuel-lean condition, biodiesel spray flames exhibited bluish flame core without the yellowish sooty flame brush, indicating low sooting tendency as compared to baseline diesel. Increasing the atomising air led to the reduction of flame length but increase in flame intensity. Measurements of post-combustion emissions show that SME produced higher NO as compared to CME and PME due to higher degree of unsaturation, while the most saturated CME showed the lowest NO and CO emissions amongst the biodiesels tested across all equivalence ratios. By preheating the main swirl air to 250 °C, higher emissions of NO, CO and CO₂ were observed for biodiesels. Higher ALR led to reduced NO and CO emissions regardless of the fuel used, making it a viable strategy to resolve the simultaneous NOCO reduction conundrum. This work shows that despite different emission characteristics exhibited by biodiesels produced from different feedstock, they are in principle potential supplemental fuels for practical combustion systems. The pollutants emitted can be mitigated by operating at higher ALR in a twin-fluid based swirl combustor.     

Effects of Food Storage and Handling on Blow Fly (Lucilia sericata) Eggs and Larvae

ABSTRACT: Flies can cause food-borne disease by transmitting pathogenic microorganisms into the food we eat or by being ingested themselves ("intestinal myiasis"), usually as eggs or larvae contaminating our food. Because eggs and larvae can easily contaminate our food during harvesting, handling, and preparation, this series of experiments was undertaken to define the food preparation conditions that would be necessary to kill contaminating blow fly eggs and larvae. Replicate samples of Lucilia (= Phaenicia) sericata (Meigen) eggs and larvae were exposed to increasing periods of freezing, refrigeration, baking, boiling, frying, and microwaving. Survivors were counted every 6 to 48 h thereafter, and the exposures that were lethal to 50% (LE₅₀), 90% (LE₉₀), and 99% of our samples (LE₉₉) were calculated. All of the tested food-preparation methods killed most or all of the eggs and larvae when exposed for durations typically associated with food preparation. These results indicate that the common methods of food preparation should adequately kill all L. sericata eggs and larvae that may be associated with raw meat. Freezing and extended refrigeration also killed all eggs and larvae. This supports the belief, hitherto unproven, that contamination of cooked meat products most likely occurs at or after the point of retail-consumer contact.     

Paper-structured catalyst for the steam reforming of biodiesel fuel

Architectonics of the paper-structured catalyst for the application to the biofuel reformer or direct internal reforming SOFC (DIRSOFC) was studied. Inorganic fiber network, “paper”, composed of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fiber (Zf), alumina fiber (Af) and inorganic binder (Al₂O₃ sol (As) or ZrO₂ sol (Zs) or CeO₂ sol (Cs)) was prepared by a simple paper-making process. Then, the catalytic activities of the Ni and Ni–MgO loaded papers called “paper-structured catalysts (PSCs)” for the steam reforming of biodiesel fuels (BDFs) were evaluated. Ni–MgO loaded PSC using Cs as an inorganic binder, Ni–MgO/ZfAfCs, exhibited excellent performance over Ru/γAl₂O₃ catalyst beads. Formation of light hydrocarbons, especially C₂H₄, was eliminated and water–gas shift reaction was more promoted compared to the catalyst beads.     

NONLINEAR UNIAXIAL THERMOELASTIC WAVES BY THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS

A method of characteristics is applied on a type of meshes called combination-shaped meshes to analyze wave propagation in coupled nonlinear thermoelastic materials. Locations of the leading wave front and the lagging wave front are determined. Jumps in variables across the wave fronts are also computed. Details are presented of the simulation process from the beginning of applied force impact to the end of computing time. A step-by-step procedure to determine the unknowns at different points of the combination-shaped meshes is outlined. Application of the method on the combination meshes is illustrated by two examples of wave propagation: one in a copper rod and the other in a cast iron rod with nonlinear properties and subjected to two different impact conditions.     

一种检测啤酒老化的新参数

通过HPLC，研究了在啤酒贮存过程中，酒花苦味物质的变化。观察到异律草酮浓度在此过程中变化显著不同。反式异律草酮的浓度在啤酒贮存过程中逐渐减少。而顺式异律草酮的浓度没有变化。根据色谱峰面积的大小。得到反式-顺式异棒草酮的比例，该比例对于新鲜啤酒，虽然啤酒的种类不同，但总是相差不大。但对于陈酒来说，它是逐渐减少的，其减少的程度与啤酒的种类有关。同时证实了反式-顺式异律草酮的比例与啤酒陈腐味强度有相关性。反式-顺式异律草酮的比例反映了啤酒变质过程中的氧化程度。