日本清酒入门（二）

简要介绍日本清酒的生产方法，包括酒的知识、精米、蒸米、制曲、酵母、分析、勾兑等。     

Daily dietary lithium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time, daily dietary lithium intake for adults in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the heating of the samples in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (8.6±4.6 μg/day) is very low compared to the scarce literature data. Since the lithium requirement of humans and animals is still unknown, no comparison could be made with RDA values.     

Contingency Planning for Large‐Scale Floods in the Netherlands

Contingency plans for hazards are based on scenarios at different scales. The most extreme scenarios reflect the idea of ‘think the unthinkable’. For large‐scale floods in the Netherlands, this idea has been given an upper limit called ‘worst credible floods’: an upper limit for floods that are still considered realistic or credible by experts. Considering the enormous impact of a worst credible flood in the Netherlands and the uncertainty of how a disaster might unfold, a realistic preparation for flood disasters should leave room for improvisation and should be based on relatively simple plans, and on public awareness. The huge consequences of worst credible floods show that the country's safety will continue to depend on pro‐active and preventive measures.     

Strain hardening behavior during manufacturing of tube shapes by hydroforming

Safe and robust process design relies on knowledge of the evolution of the mechanical properties in a tube during hydroforming. The manufacturing of tubular shapes generally consists of three main stages: bending, preforming, and expansion. The latter is usually called hydroforming. As a result of these three steps, the final product’s strain hardening history is nonlinear. In the present study, the strain hardening behavior during hydroforming was experimentally investigated. The variation of local flow stress and/or local hardness was used as an index of the strain hardening during the various steps and the local flow stress and/or local hardness were used with respective correlations to determine the effective strain. The strain hardening behavior during hydroforming after preforming has been successfully analyzed by using the relationships between hardness, flow stress, and effective strain for variable pre-strains prior to hydroforming. The comparison of predicted hardness with measured hardness confirms that the methodology used in this study is feasible, and that the strain hardening behavior can be quantitatively estimated with good accuracy.     

Investigating the ESBWR stability with experimental and numerical tools: A comparative study

In this work, the stability of the Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) has been studied by using a Freon-134a based experimental facility (GENESIS) and two system codes, being ATHLET 2.0a and (to a lesser extent) TRACG. During setting up the GENESIS facility and the numerical calculations, a great effort has been made to approximate the ESBWR system as accurate as possible.In general, it was found that a sufficient margin to instability exists regarding the ESBWRs nominal point. In addition, a comparison was made between the numerical and experimental results for both the thermal-hydraulic system and the reactor system. Deviations were found between the numerical and experimental results, in spite of the close similarity between the GENESIS facility and the definition of the ESBWR system in the system code. This result shows that predictions regarding real nuclear reactors, based on modeled systems, should be taken with care.     

First-principles investigation of migration barriers and point defect complexes in B2–NiAl

We perform a systematic first-principles investigation of atomic hop mechanisms in B2–NiAl and discover a low barrier collective hop that can mediate Al diffusion through the anti-structural bridge mechanism. We also find an alternative hop sequence for the migration of a triple defect than that proposed previously. To shed light on the dominant hop mechanisms that mediate diffusion in B2–NiAl, we study point defects and defect clusters in B2–NiAl at high temperature by combining a cluster expansion with Monte Carlo simulations. Going beyond the mean field approximation, we find that the inclusion of interactions among the various point defects is crucial to predict the concentration of defect complexes, such as the triple defects of B2–NiAl. Interactions among point defects also introduce an important degree of short-range order between Al antisite defects and Ni antisite defects. We find an increasing probability between pairs of Al antisite atoms and Ni vacancies as the alloy concentration of B2–NiAl becomes both Al rich and Ni rich, suggesting that the anti-structural bridge mechanism should play an important role in facilitating Al transport.     

Intentional and unintentional contributions of nonspecific preparation during reaction time foreperiods.

The nonspecific preparation that follows a warning stimulus (WS) to speed responding to an impending imperative stimulus (IS) is generally viewed as a strategic, intentional process. An alternative view holds that WS acts as a conditioned stimulus that unintentionally elicits a tendency to respond at the moment of IS presentation as a result of a process of trace conditioning. These views were contrasted as explanatory frameworks for classical effects on reaction time of the duration and intertrial variability of the foreperiod, the interval between WS and IS. It is shown that the conditioning view accounts for the available data at least as well as the strategic view. In addition, the results of 3 experiments provide support for the conditioning view by showing that unintentional contributions to nonspecific preparation can be dissociated from intentional contributions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Practitioners' Review of Industrial Agent Applications

ERIM's¹ Center for Electronic Commerce (CEC) hosted a two-day Workshop on Industrial Agents (WINA) in Ann Arbor, MI on Nov. 12–13, 1998. Participation in the workshop was by invitation only, and was restricted to companies with whom the CEC is doing business or developing collaborations in agent technologies. Because of its industrial focus, the workshop's objectives have a rather different emphasis than research-oriented workshops and conferences. The projects discussed at the workshop and summarized in this report fall into three areas of increasing generality: focused applications, broadly applicable tools, and methodological guidelines.     

Single-event effects in resolver-to-digital converters

Single-event effects (SEEs) in two resolver-to-digital converters (RDCs) have been studied using heavy ions and pulsed laser light. The important role of the pulsed laser in establishing single-event upset (SEU) and single-event latchup (SEL) levels prior to accelerator testing is described, as is its role in evaluating the test software and hardware and in gaining a better understanding of the origins of the SEEs. Results from pulsed-laser testing are in quantitative agreement with those from heavy-ion testing: the RDC-19220 is sensitive to both SEUs and SELs whereas the AD2S80 is less sensitive to SEUs and immune to SEL     

In vitro digestibility of Bacillus fermented soya bean

Bacillus fermented legume products include among others dawadawa and soumbala made from African locust bean, and natto and kinema made from soya bean. Bacillus subtilis is the dominant species involved in the fermentation. During Bacillus fermentation for 48 h of autoclaved soya bean the quantity of soluble and dialyzable matter increased from 22% and 6% up to 65% and 40%, respectively. Protein and carbohydrate degradation during fermentation of soya bean with several Bacillus spp. was investigated and appeared to be substantial during the first 18 h of fermentation resulting in the release of high levels of peptides and oligosaccharides. In vitro digestibility was increased from 29% up to 33–43% after Bacillus fermentation for 48 h. It was shown that Bacillus spp. were able to degrade soya bean macromolecules to a large extent resulting in water-soluble low molecular weight compounds. In vitro digestion of Bacillus fermented soya bean using gastrointestinal enzymes only slightly increased the amount of dialyzable matter, which clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of Bacillus fermentation on food nutrient availability.