Impact of different forest densities on atmospheric boundary‐layer development and wind‐turbine wake

The aim of this work is to investigate the atmospheric boundary‐layer (ABL) flow and the wind turbine wake over forests with varying leaf area densities (LAD). The forest LAD profile used in this study is based on a real forest site, Ryningsnäs, located in Sweden. The reference turbine used to model the wake is a well‐documented 5‐MW turbine, which is implemented in the simulations using an actuator line model (ALM). All simulations are carried out with openFOAM using the Reynolds averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) approach. Twelve forest cases with leaf area index (LAI) ranging from 0.42 to 8.5 are considered. Results show that the mean velocity decreases with increasing LAI within the forest canopy, but increases with LAI above the hub height. Meanwhile, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) varies nonmonotonically with forest density. The TKE increases with forest density and reaches to its maximum at an average LAI of 1.70, afterwards, it decreases gradually as the density increases. It is also observed that the forest density has a clear role in the wake development and recovery. Comparisons between no‐forest and forest cases show that the forest characteristics help in damping the added turbulence from the turbine. As a consequence, the forest with the highest upstream turbulence has the shortest wake downstream of the turbine.     

Role of Polyamine-Induced Dimerization of Antizyme in Its Cellular Functions

The polyamines, spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd), are important for cell growth and function. Their homeostasis is strictly controlled, and a key downregulator of the polyamine pool is the polyamine-inducible protein, antizyme 1 (OAZ1). OAZ1 inhibits polyamine uptake and targets ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, for proteasomal degradation. Here we report, for the first time, that polyamines induce dimerization of mouse recombinant full-length OAZ1, forming an (OAZ1)₂-Polyamine complex. Dimerization could be modulated by functionally active C-methylated spermidine mimetics (MeSpds) by changing the position of the methyl group along the Spd backbone—2-MeSpd was a poor inducer as opposed to 1-MeSpd, 3-MeSpd, and Spd, which were good inducers. Importantly, the ability of compounds to inhibit polyamine uptake correlated with the efficiency of the (OAZ1)₂-Polyamine complex formation. Thus, the (OAZ1)₂-Polyamine complex may be needed to inhibit polyamine uptake. The efficiency of polyamine-induced ribosomal +1 frameshifting of OAZ1 mRNA could also be differentially modulated by MeSpds—2-MeSpd was a poor inducer of OAZ1 biosynthesis and hence a poor downregulator of ODC activity unlike the other MeSpds. These findings offer new insight into the OAZ1-mediated regulation of polyamine homeostasis and provide the chemical tools to study it.     

Evaluation of Substituted 1,2,3‐Dithiazoles as Inhibitors of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Nucleocapsid Protein via a Proposed Zinc Ejection Mechanism

A diverse library of 5‐thieno‐, 5‐oxo‐, and 5‐imino‐1,2,3‐dithiazole derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for efficacy against the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) as a model for HIV in cells. Several diverse compounds from this series displayed nanomolar activity and low toxicity, representing a potential new class of compounds for the treatment of FIV and HIV.     

Modelling and performance evaluation of chromatographic monosaccharide recovery from concentrated acid lignocellulosic hydrolysates

BACKGROUND: Chromatographic fractionation of concentrated acid lignocellulosic hydrolysates was investigated. The goal was to present a model that can be used in designing and performance evaluation of the fractionation process. Simple models were fitted to the experimental sorption data of the main components of the hydrolysates (sulfuric acid, monosaccharides, and acetic acid) on CS16GC resin. A column model which takes into account resin shrinking was derived. RESULTS: Simulation results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The isotherm models predicted correctly the co‐operative effect of H₂SO₄ on the sorption of the other adsorbates. The effect of column loading on the productivity of the separation process was studied with simulations. With 20 wt% H₂SO₄, the highest productivity was obtained with 11.5 vol% column loading. In addition, a process consisting of concentrated acid lignocellulose hydrolysis, batchwise chromatographic separation, and H₂SO₄ recycling was investigated. With the recycling, the maximum productivity was obtained with 18.2 vol% column loading. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that the entire reactor‐separation process with internal recycling must be considered when evaluating the performance of the monosaccharide‐acid separation step. Process performance was found to decrease with increasing feed concentration of sulfuric acid. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Morphological Family Size in a Morphologically Rich Language: The Case of Finnish Compared With Dutch and Hebrew.

Finnish has a very productive morphology in which a stem can give rise to several thousand words. This study presents a visual lexical decision experiment addressing the processing consequences of the huge productivity of Finnish morphology. The authors observed that in Finnish words with larger morphological families elicited shorter response latencies. However, in contrast to Dutch and Hebrew, it is not the complete morphological family of a complex Finnish word that codetermines response latencies but only the subset of words directly derived from the complex word itself. Comparisons with parallel experiments using translation equivalents in Dutch and Hebrew showed substantial cross-language predictivity of family size between Finnish and Dutch but not between Finnish and Hebrew, reflecting the different ways in which the Hebrew and Finnish morphological systems contribute to the semantic organization of concepts in the mental lexicon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Drift velocity monitoring of SDDs using MOS charge injectors

We report results of drift velocity monitoring in silicon drift detectors, obtained in beam test conditions using MOS charge injectors. We are able to correct velocity variations as small as 0.1% due to temperature variations of the order of 0.1 K and consequently maintain an optimal space resolution.     

Bromate Formation during Ozonation of Bromide Containing Drinking Water- a Pilot Scale Study

The effect of bromide ion concentration, pH, temperature, alkalinity, and hydrogen peroxide content on bromate formation was studied. Increase in pH was found to give the greatest increase in bromate formation. Also increase in the ozonation temperature, bromide ion concentration and hydrogen peroxide content increased the observed bromate concentration. Only increased alkalinity decreased the bromate formation during the ozonation experiments. Bromate formation exceeded the EU limit value for bromate ion, 10 μg/l, when the initial bromide ion concentration was around 100 μg/l, except for the alkalinity of 1.4 mmol/1, when the bromate formation was 9.4 μg/l.     

Treatment of PAH‐contaminated soil by combination of Fenton's reaction and biodegradation

A combination of modified Fenton and biological treatment was used to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from creosote oil‐contaminated soil. After modified Fenton reaction the toxicity of column leachate and soil to Vibrio fischeri increased. The number of intact bacterial cells and utilisation of PAHs in PAH utilisation microplate assay decreased after modified Fenton reaction. However, bacteria in chemically treated soil utilised PAHs without addition of other carbon sources. The activity of extracellular esterases increased during incubation of modified Fenton‐treated soil. PAH removal in combined chemical oxidation and incubation (43–59%) was higher than in incubation alone (22–30%). Residual H₂O₂ in soil allowed chemical oxidation of PAHs during incubation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry