The role of cue salience in the development of time concepts: Duration comparisons in young children.

It has been claimed that in the course of developing time concepts, young children go through a stage in which they conceptualize duration as being dependent on endings of events rather than on beginnings and endings. This conceptual deficit was proposed to account for children's greater success in comparing durations that differ in their endings than durations that differ in their beginnings. The present study analyzes the possibility that this phenomenon may be attributed mainly to perceptual salience rather than to conceptual deficit. 360 children from nursery school, kindergarten, and 1st grade were asked to compare the burning times of 2 lights that started and/or ended simultaneously. The role of attention to beginning vs end points in duration judgment was investigated by manipulating beginning- vs end-point salience via systematic variations of sequence of the problems presented. Correct comparisons of duration problems were found to be a function of the relative salience of beginning vs end points. Results support the salience attention model rather than the conceptual deficit account of duration judgments of young children. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strain Rate Sensitivity of Epoxy Resin in Tensile and Shear Loading

The mechanical response of E-862 and PR-520 resins is investigated in tensile and shear loadings. At both types of loading the resins are tested at strain rates of about 5×10?5, 2, and 450–700?s?1. In addition, dynamic shear modulus tests are carried out at various frequencies and temperatures, and tensile stress relaxation tests are conducted at room temperature. The results show that the toughened PR-520 resin can carry higher stresses than the untoughened E-862 resin. Strain rate has a significant effect on the response of both resins. In shear, both resins show a ductile response with maximum stress that is increasing with strain rate. In tension, a ductile response is observed at low strain rate ( ～ 5×10?5?s?1), and brittle response is observed at the medium and high strain rates (2 and 700?s?1). The hydrostatic component of the stress in the tensile tests causes premature failure in the E-862 resin. Localized deformation develops in the PR-520 resin when loaded in shear. An internal state variable constitutive model is proposed for modeling the response of the resins. The model includes a state variable that accounts for the effect of the hydrostatic component of the stress on the deformation.     

Children's personal space as a function of age and sex.

Gathered measures of personal space from 74 children (ages 3, 5, and 7) when they approached boys or girls of their own age. A significant difference was found between the 3-yr-olds (who kept less distance from their age peers) and the 5- or 7-yr-olds. No other differences attributable to age were found. For all Ss, the sex of the interacting child was relevant in that less distance was kept from girls than from boys. Results are discussed in the light of learning and developmental processes. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pre-illness dietary factors in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: The effect of environmental factors has been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nutrition may be one of them. AIM: To investigate the pre-illness diet in patients with recent IBD in comparison with matched population and clinic controls. METHODS: Quantified dietary histories were obtained from 87 patients with recent IBD (54 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 33 Crohn's disease (CD)) and 144 controls. Odds ratios (OR) for IBD were derived for intake levels of various foods. RESULTS: A high sucrose consumption was associated with an increased risk for IBD (OR 2.85 (p = 0.03) against population controls and 5.3 (p = 0.00) against clinic controls). Lactose consumption showed no effect while fructose intake was negatively associated with risk for IBD (NS). Similar trends were noted in UC and CD. A high fat intake was associated with an increased risk for UC; this was particularly marked for animal fat (OR 4.09, p = 0.02) and cholesterol (OR 4.57, p = 0.02). A high intake of fluids (p = 0.04), magnesium (p = 0.04), vitamin C, and fruits (NS) was negatively associated with the risk for IBD, while a positive association was found for retinol (p = 0.01). Most of the findings were similar in UC and CD except for potassium and vegetable consumption which showed a negative association only with risk for CD. CONCLUSIONS: An association was found between pre-illness diet and subsequent development of UC and CD. The effect of dietary components may be primary or modulatory.     

On the variational consistency of the higher-order-shear-deformation plate equations derived from the 3-D differential equations of motion

The method of moments, which is identified to be a modified Galerkin method, is used to derive the higher-order-shear-deformation plate equations from the 3-D equations of motion. It is shown that the proper application of this method yields a set of equations which are identical to those derived by employing the principle of virtual work.     

Prophylaxis against soman inhalation toxicity in guinea pigs by pretreatment alone with human serum butyrylcholinesterase

A total of 100 patients of tetralogy of Fallot aged 13 years and over were operated upon at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India between January 1991 and December 1996. There were 69 males (69%) and 31 females (31%). Age ranged from 13 years to 43 years (mean 19.66 years). Twenty % of patients had preoperative complications like haemoptysis, cerebrovascular accidents, brain abscess and infective endocarditis. Twenty-two patients had previous palliative shunts. Fifteen patients had coil embolisation of major collaterals prior to surgery. In hospital mortality rate was 4%. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 5 years (mean 3.4 years). There was one late death due to infective endocarditis. Postoperatively 93.6% patients were in NYHA class I. Significant residual defects warranting re-operation were present in three patients. Total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in older patients can be performed with acceptable results.     

On the dynamic response of metal matrix composite panels to uniform temperature loading

Thermal dynamic response of antisymmetrically laminated metal matrix composite flat and curved panels subjected to uniform time-dependent temperature field is studied. Temperature dependence of both elastic and viscoplastic properties of the metallic matrix is taken into account. The structural analysis is combined with a micromechanical approach which is employed to establish the instantaneous thermo-inelastic constitutive law of the composite at every point of the structure at each time increment. Results are presented for SiC/Al panels. The effects of boundary conditions, panel curvature and inelastic behavior of the metallic matrix on the thermally induced vibrations are illustrated. The thermal dynamic buckling behavior of flat and curved panels is studied.     

One week triple therapy with omeprazole, clarithromycin and tinidazole for Helicobacter pylori: differing efficacy in previously treated and untreated patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the revised and expanded version of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS2) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: The AIMS2 was administered to all patients attending our Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic between June and December 1993. Clinical and radiological assessments were performed during the clinic visits. RESULTS: The patient population included 124 patients, 75 men and 49 women with a mean age of 48.4 years and a mean arthritis duration of 14.6 years. Most of the physical function scales as well as the pain and work scales were moderately to highly correlated with clinical measures of function (r = 0.27-0.64) and disease activity (r = 0.28-0.50), but they were not correlated with measures of disease severity. The psychosocial scales were poorly correlated with all clinical measures. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that, like the original AIMS, the AIMS2 is valid for use as an adjunct outcome measure for clinical trials in PsA.