Preparation of Photodegradable Oligomers Containing Metal–Metal Bonds Using ADMET

ADMET was evaluated as a method for preparing organometallic polymers with metal–metal bonds in the main chain. The Cp₂Mo₂CO₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ complex was synthesized, and the X-ray crystal structure is reported. The molecule did not undergo ADMET polymerization with Grubbs’ or Schrock’s catalysts. In a control experiment to test if the Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂ ligand was interfering with the ADMET reaction, the phosphine was reacted with Grubbs’ 2nd generation catalyst. The dimerized metathesis product Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH(CH₂)₆PPh₂ was obtained with no observed degradation or deactivation of the catalyst. To test the inherent ADMET reactivity of the Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂ ligand when it is bonded to a metal center, the mononuclear cis-Mo(CO)₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ complex was synthesized and polymerized using Grubbs’ 2nd generation catalyst. These control experiments suggest that the inability of Cp₂Mo₂CO₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ to polymerize is not due to electronic effects pertaining to the C=C unit of the Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂ ligand. Accordingly, steric effects are implicated in the inability of the Cp₂Mo₂CO₄(Ph₂P(CH₂)₆CH=CH₂)₂ to polymerize by ADMET.     

Hazard assessment techniques used in the chemical industry and their possible uses elsewhere

The traditional methods used for the identification and assessment of hazards in the chemical industry are based on experience, but increased economic and environmental restrictions on its operations have required the development of other methods to ensure that an acceptable level of safety is maintained. The present paper briefly reviews the traditional methods, describes in mire detail the basis of the newer methods, namely hazard and operability studies and hazard analysis, and considers how they might be more widely used in assessing fire hazards.     

Oncogenicity testing of 2-ethylhexanol in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice

An increasing number of studies, both experimental and epidemiologic, have provided evidence that filtering glaucoma surgery may be less effective than initially described. Of a number of risk factors for failure, duration and number of antiglaucoma drugs prior to surgery seem to play a critical role and highly accumulated antiglaucoma topical treatments significantly reduce success rates. Histopathological studies have confirmed that topically applied drugs may exert toxic effects to the corneoconjunctival surface, and induce chronic infraclinical inflammation, as shown by the presence of immune and inflammatory infiltrates in multitreated eyes. The origin of topical inflammation has not yet been clearly determined, but a common component of ophthalmic drugs, the benzalkonium chloride used as preservative in almost all antiglaucoma preparations, has shown strong evidence of toxicity. A number of questions remain to be investigated, but suppression of preservatives from chronically applied drugs should be a critical issue in the near future.     

Further implications for counseling research.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), who recommended that counseling research be reoriented. The accepted definition of science, based primarily on the work of pre-20th-century physical scientists, does not fit in with the current advanced thinking about the philosophy of science. Similarities and differences in the 3 articles are considered, and problems that arise from the inadequacy of available psychometric and statistical techniques for the new kinds of research envisaged are discussed. It is concluded that the rethinking of some assumptions with regard to determinism and the way counseling is defined are necessary. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of individual psychosocial competence in a high school setting.

The development of the competent self in adolescence, the interrelationship of psychotherapeutic and psychoeducational change, and the role of the high school counselor as a mental health gatekeeper were explored in a pre–post experimental–control design study of group counseling. 147 exemplary ("getting their lives together well and handling school well") and marginal ("having trouble getting their lives together and managing school") high school students participated. Precounseling assessments and patterns of change over the counseling period supported the 1st author's hierarchical competence configuration model of psychosocial functioning, consisting of self-attitudes, world-attitudes, and relevant behavioral attributes. Overall effectiveness of counseling was indicated at multiple levels by significant goal attainment (Kiresuk-Sherman Goal Attainment Scale) and by increased self-efficacy (Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale). The impact of counseling was significantly different for exemplary than for marginal students and for students from different race and sex subgroups. These findings confirm the interrelation of change patterns at behavioral and personality levels, the importance of sociocultural factors in individual psychosocial change patterns, and the potential therapeutic impact of relatively brief psychoeducational-psychotherapeutic interventions. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Plasma for Extractive Metallurgy

Plasmas or ionized gases, existing at temperatures as high as 50,000°C, constitute the highest controlled temperatures known. At these temperatures, reactions occur about which we have little or no knowledge. This paper explores. the various possibilities of using plasma devices for extractive metallurgy.     

Flash pyrolysis of coals: comparison of results from 1 g h−1 and 20 kg h−1 reactors

The performances of 1 g h^?1 and 20 kg h^?1 flash pyrolysers are compared for three Australian coals: Loy Yang brown coal (Victoria), Liddell bituminous coal (New South Wales), and Millmerran sub-bituminous coal (Queensland). The two reactors gave comparable yields of tar, char and C₁–C₃ hydrocarbon gases over a range of operating conditions for each particular coal. The yield of total volatile matter from Millmerran coal was similar from both reactors, as were the compositions of chars from Loy Yang coal and tars from the Liddell and Millmerran coals. For Millmerran coal, the yields of tar, C₁–C₃ gases and volatiles from the large reactor below 650 °C, were slightly lower than for the small reactor, possibly owing to a shorter retention time of Millmerran coal particles in the large-scale reactor. At a temperature near 600 °C tar yields were independent of tar concentration in the effluent gas, over a range 0.0025–0.1 kg m^?3 for Liddell coal, 0.005–0.26 kg m^?3 for Millmerran coal and 0.0045–0.09 kg m^?3 for Loy Yang coal. The tar yields from Millmerran and Liddell coals at 600 °C in the large reactor, correlate directly with the atomic $\text{H}\text{C}$ ratio of the parent coal, in the same manner as that found for a wider range of bituminous coals in the small-scale reactor.     

Seasonal variation in spontaneous abortions

Using a national sample of hospital discharges, we found identical seasonal patterns for spontaneous abortions and conceptions but no significant seasonal variation in the rate of spontaneous abortions per 1,000 conceptions. The differences between our findings and those of previous investigators of spontaneous abortion may reflect our more comprehensive definition of spontaneous abortion, our more complete estimate of the monthly number of conceptions, and our more rigorous statistical analysis. The periodic regression analysis (PRA) reported in our study may be useful in other studies that monitor short-term trends.     

Knowledgeable respondents: Private club or public service?

The Cartter Report and Roose-Andersen Reports (sponsored by the American Council of Education) on quality of graduate education in American universities have been used as a basis for national policy and funding judgments, and for institutional, academic discipline, and student applicant uses. It is argued that instead of serving the public purposes for which they were intended, these reports serve more directly private guild interests of the participating disciplines, particularly psychology. Reasons include the fact that psychology has become increasingly technician-oriented, and the sampling procedure used to select raters and the questions asked were biased. These issues could be better approached by defining appropriate models of excellent graduate programs, developing scales for rating the variables considered to contribute to excellence, and then assessing the validity of those measures. The consequences of present biased rating procedures are far too significant for society and students for psychologists to continue to ignore. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward a workable psychology of individuality.

A workable psychology of individuality is "one that would generate good research ideas, which, in turn, would lead to steady increases in dependable knowledge." Individual uniqueness "is described primarily in terms of choice and organization, and I consider it the task of psychologists to make those concepts workable—to bring them into the general stream of thinking in research, assessment, and practical activities." Tyler stresses "the significance of concepts of choice and organization in an inclusive psychology of the development of the human individual… . At each stage of our lives, we impose limits on the next stage, by the choices we make and the ways in which we organize what we have experienced." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)