High strain embedded-SiGe via low temperature reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition

Performance improvement of strained p-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (p-MOSFETs) via embedded SiGe (e-SiGe) is well established. Strain scaling of p-MOSFETs since 90 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor node has been accomplished by increasing Ge content in e-SiGe from nominally < 20% in 90 nm p-MOSFETs to > 35% Ge in 32 nm p-MOSFETs. Further strain enhancement for 22 nm and beyond p-MOSFETs is required due to disproportionate reduction in device area per generation caused by non-scaled gate length. Relaxation of SiGe with > 35% Ge during epitaxial growth and subsequent processing is a major concern. Specifically low temperature growth is required to achieve meta-stable pseudomorphic SiGe film with high Ge%. Currently, selective SiGe epitaxial film in reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition (RPCVD) epitaxy is grown with conventional Si gas precursors and co-flow etch using HCl at temperatures higher than 625 °C. At temperatures lower than 625 °C in RPCVD epitaxy, however, HCl has negligible etch capability making selectivity difficult to achieve during epitaxial growth. Hence, cyclic deposit and etch epitaxial growth in conjunction with a low temperature etching chemistry is desirable to achieve selectivity at temperatures lower than 625 °C. In this paper, we apply the above concept to achieve selective growth of high strain SiGe (> 35%) at 500 °C on test patterns corresponding to 65 nm node. SiGe is grown non-selectively first at 500 °C with high order of silane as Si source, and Germane as Ge source followed by an etching chemistry also at 500 °C to achieve selectivity. In addition, the growth rate of SiGe epitaxial film and the Ge concentration in the deposited epitaxial film were studied as a function of Si precursor flow; the effect of HCl introduction on Ge concentration and film growth rate was discussed.     

FATTY ACIDS AND TOCOPHEROL CONTENTS OF SOME PRUNUS SPP. KERNEL OILS

The oil content as well as the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of kernels from 15 Prunus spp. varieties from Turkey were determined. The oil yields from these kernels varied from 46.3 to 55.5%. The main fatty acids of Prunus spp. kernel oils were oleic acid (43.9–78.5%), linoleic acid (9.7–37%) and palmitic acid (4.9–7.3%). The total amount of vitamin-E-active compounds in the oils varied between 62.9 and 439.9 mg/kg. The predominant tocopherol in most kernel oils was γ-tocopherol. Only two varieties of P. amygdalus and one variety of P. persica showed α-tocopherol as the main vitamin-E-active compound. The composition of the oils was 9–164.5 mg/kg α-tocopherol, 21.5–41.6 mg/kg α-tocotrienol, 1.6–330.2 mg/kg γ-tocopherol and 0–39.1 mg/kg δ-tocopherol. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the kernels of the investigated species of Prunus fruits from Turkey may serve potential sources of valuable oil that might be used for edible and other industrial applications.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The search for new sources of vegetable oils is an ongoing challenge and the further utilization of by-products from the food processing industry is an interesting option in this field. Seed oils from Prunus species contain high amounts of recommended monounsaturated oleic acid moderate contents of linoleic acid and low amounts of saturated fatty acids that may result in more favorable oil than olive oil with regard to their fatty acid compositions. Additionally, the oils contain vitamin-E-active compounds. Both fatty acid composition and vitamin-E-active compounds may justify the further processing of seeds from Prunus species for the production of oil for food and pharmaceutical applications.     

Possible role of glutathione in prevention of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity enhanced by fish oil in male Wistar rats

Two-limb coordination of homologous and non-homologous effectors was examined during isofrequency (1:1) and multifrequency (2:1) conditions. The coordination patterns involved flexion and extension movements in the sagittal plane and were performed under unloaded and single-limb (right arm) loaded conditions. Previous studies suggested that the lower degree of 1:1 synchronization observed during nonhomologous as compared to homologous coordination results from natural differences in biophysical (inertial) properties. Elaborating on this idea, adding weight to the right arm was hypothesized to modulate its inertial characteristics, rendering homologous limbs more dissimilar and nonhomologous limbs more similar by enhancing and decreasing their inertial differences, respectively. Therefore, the observations made during unloaded conditions were predicted to be completely reversed during loaded conditions. Findings revealed that during 1:1 coordination (experiment 1) single-limb loading resulted in a decreased relative phase stability, whereas relative phase accuracy depended upon the limb combination. In particular, phase-locking was more accurately maintained for loaded homologous than for nonhomologous limbs, whereas loading the nonhomologous limbs resulted in a deterioration of the quality of synchronization. These findings suggest that there is an additional explanation of differential coordination capabilities among limb combinations. It is hypothesized that the neural networks subserving the control centers of the homologous limbs are more tightly connected than those of the nonhomologous effectors, allowing 1:1 synchronization to be more successfully preserved in the face of (load) perturbations. During 2:1 coordination (experiment 2), the loading procedure disturbed the coordination dynamics across all limb combinations. That no differential effect of loading on effector combination was observed is possibly a result of the fact that only an initial level of practice was studied in which optimal relative phase dynamics are still being explored for both homologous and nonhomologous limbs.     

土地管理用户信息处理的软件原型

本文介绍了一种软件原型,该原型是为使土地管理中的信息处理更便利、信息显示更有效的需求而开发的,是一种使用VB和Web技术开发的致力于改善各省土地所有权管理效率的基于SQLServer的应用。与复杂而又费用高昂的地理信息系统(GIS)相比,其低成本、高效率、相对简单并且基于Web的特点使得其更容易被希望能使用计算机工具来支持土地管理中的信息处理和传播的发展中国家接受。本文经过对该原型的方法论、开发过程、操作和测试的探讨得出如下结论:系统在提高按客户需求处理及显示的条理性、高效性、有效性和控制成本方面更具实用性。它同时还包括识别在线的即通过WWW和Internet来访问数据库的客户的方法,所以它可以尽最大可能满足土地管理中各种用户的需求。     

Identification of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A as a retinoic acid-stimulated cellular binding partner for tissue transglutaminase II

GTP-binding protein/transglutaminases (tissue transglutaminases or TGases) have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including retinoic acid (RA)-induced apoptosis. Recently, we have shown that RA activates TGases as reflected by stimulated GTP binding, increased membrane association, and stimulated phosphoinositide lipid turnover. This prompted us to search for cellular proteins that bind TGases in a RA-stimulated manner. In this report, we show that the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF-5A), a protein that is essential for cell viability, perhaps through effects on protein synthesis and/or RNA export, associates with the TGase in vivo. The interaction between eIF-5A and TGase is specific for the GDP-bound form of the TGase and is not detected when the TGase is pre-loaded with GTP gamma S. The TGase-eIF-5A interaction also is promoted by Ca2+, Mg2+, and RA treatment of HeLa cells. In the presence of retinoic acid, millimolar levels of Ca2+ are no longer required for the TGase-eIF-5A interaction. Nocodazole treatment, which blocks the cell cycle at mitosis (M phase), strongly inhibits the interaction between eIF-5A and cytosolic TGase. The interaction between TGase and eIF-5A and its sensitivity to the nucleotide-occupied state of the TGase provides a potentially interesting connection between RA signaling and protein synthesis and/or RNA trafficking activities.     

Arsenic source and drain implant induced degradation ofshort-channel effects in NMOSFETs

Boron is found to segregate readily from the channel region into the arsenic implanted source/data regions during the As activation anneal. The resulting boron depletion around the source and drain locally lowers the surface potential required for inversion and contributes substantially to the V_T rolloff and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) in subquarter-micrometer NMOSFETs. This boron redistribution originates from the As implantation damage in the source and drain regions     

New opportunities for SiGe and Ge channel p-FETs

A thin body (fully depleted) strained SGOI device structure (FDSGOI), and a strained SiGe channel layer on SOI, were fabricated using scaled high-κ gate dielectrics and metal gate technology. The uniaxial strain effect and corresponding drive current enhancement reported by Irisawa et al. [1] for narrow-width devices was investigated on these structures. Although the strained FDSGOI device structure exhibited reduced off-state leakage compared to thicker body devices, and long-channel drive current enhancement under uniaxial strain, the loss of drive current enhancement at short channel length led to uncompetitive I_ON-I_OFF characteristics. The SiGe on SOI structure showed the highest long-channel drive current enhancement (nearly 3×) in the narrowest devices, and also showed a significant reduction in off-state current. This trend was maintained down to the shortest channel lengths studied here and resulted in I_ON-I_OFF characteristics that were competitive with contemporary uniaxial strained Si channel devices.     

Retinal hemorrhage in the infant as an indication of shaken baby trauma

BACKGROUND: The shaken baby syndrome is a form of child abuse in young children. Typical are intracranial and intraocular bleedings. As external injuries are often missing, the shaken baby syndrome may easily be overlooked. Intraocular bleeding is a major diagnostic sign and can prove the diagnosis, if child abuse is suspected by the paediatrician. Thus critical family situations can be uncovered and long term help can be initiated. PATIENTS: Between 1991 and 1997 seven babies (age two to nine months) with intraocular bleedings were examined. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis of the shaken baby syndrome are presented with these children. RESULTS: In two of the seven children a non-accidental trauma and shaken baby syndrome was obvious. In three cases the diagnosis of a shaken baby syndrome was most probable. In one child intraocular bleeding was possibly caused by a fall three months earlier. One child had retinal bleedings after resuscitation. In two cases a vitrectomy was performed. The follow up was two months to six years. In two children intraocular bleeding resolved completely, three children developed mild to severe amblyopia and two children became blind. Vitrectomy could not prevent loss of sight. CONCLUSIONS: Sudden cerebral symptoms or intraocular bleedings in otherwise healthy young children are suspicious for child abuse. A shaken baby syndrome has to be considered. Thus funduscopic examination in mydriasis is obligatory. The prognosis depends on the severeness of ocular hemorrhages and cerebral lesions.