Ultraschallverfahren zur Bestimmung der Anzahl von Einschlüssen in Materialproben — eine kritische Betrachtung empfohlener Methoden

Ultrasonic test procedure to determine the number of inclusions in material samples — a critical analysis of recommended methods. To judge the specific properties of metals one tries to determine the quantity and distribution of the non-metallic inclusions. But the microscopic procedures used so far are destructive and do further not refer to the volume, but rather to the surface of the micrograph sample. Contrary to these methods the inspection by ultrasound is non-destructive and wellsuited for the volumetric detection of inclusions. The possibilities of the ultrasonic pulse-echo-method for cleanliness rating are being checked. Based on the respective results there is a critical view on the ultrasonic test methods which have been recommended so far. Proposals will be made how to make the optimum use of the advantages of the ultrasonic inspection when determining the purity degree of a sample.     

Laparoscopic surgery: the effects of insufflation gas on tumor-induced lethality in nude mice

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of helium (group 2), carbon dioxide (group 3), and heated carbon dioxide (group 4) pneumoperitoneum on survival in case of intraabdominal spread of tumor cells in nude mice. STUDY DESIGN: The pneumoperitoneum was induced by a microhysteroflator with an intraperitoneal pressure of 8 mm Hg for 30 minutes. A washed tumor solution (0.4 ml) of a mesothelioma was injected intraperitoneally. RESULTS: The survival rate of group 3 was significantly reduced compared with the controls (group 1) and group 4. The latter groups showed similar survival rates. In groups 2 and 3 no significant differences in survival rate were observed. CONCLUSION: Clinical observations and the results of this animal study warn against the use of standard unheated carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in case of malignant tumors. Heated carbon dioxide seems to be advantageous.     

Macroscopic variations of microfungal isolates from Evolution Canyon, Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel

Microfungi (eleven species), isolated from both the north facing slope (NFS) and the south facing slope (SFS) of Evolution Canyon, Lower Nahal Oren, Mt Carmel, Israel, were examined for growth rates before and after exposure to cobalt 60 irradiation. Growth rates, morphology, and sporulation varied for the same species according to isolates recovered from the NFS, SFS, and carbon sources. In addition, the Mucor haemalis sexual zygospore production was monitored.     

The rotating solid disk in the fully plastic state

Subject of the investigation is the distribution of stress, displacement, and plastic strain in a rotating solid disk of elastic-plastic material with linear strain-hardening in the fully plastic state. In order to obtain a realistic model of the rotating disk one may not neglect hardening. Since the onset of plastic flow occurs at the axis of the disk the corresponding image-point lies in a corner of Tresca's hexagon. As in related cases, the plastic zone of the rotating disk is composed of two parts, the image points of the outer part lying on one side of the hexagon. It is demonstrated that the boundary between the two regions approaches a limit for unbounded growth of the angular velocity. Residual stress remaining in the disk after the standstill is discussed.     

Anwendung von Bemessungsregeln auf Bauteile mit gleichzeitiger Kriech- und Dehnungswechsel-Beanspruchung

Für viele warmfeste Werkstoffe liegen hinreichend gesicherte Angaben über das Zeitstandverhalten vor. Es gibt aber nur wenige Ergebnisse zu Versuchen mit langzeitigen betriebsähnlichen Dehnungswechselbeanspruchungen. Mit Hilfe der Method of Universal Slopes nach S. S. Manson werden Kurven abgeleitet, die ausreichend gut vorhandene Ergebnisse von langzeitigen Dehnungswechselversuchen beschreiben. Sie können somit für die Auslegung von thermisch beanspruchten Bauteilen herangezogen werden. Unterschiede des Dehnungswechselverhaltens der Werkstoffe bei mäßig erhöhten Temperaturen zu denen bei Temperaturen im Kriechgebiet werden berücksichtigt. Gleichzeitig auftretende Zeitstand- und Dehnungswechsel-Beanspruchungen werden nach der Palmgren-Miner-Regel linear akkumuliert.