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991.
为甚么钢液脱气要采用机械真空泵技术?在生产高质量钢材时,采用二次炼钢工艺如真空脱气(VD)或真空氧脱碳(VOD)来减少钢中杂质.在真空脱气VD过程中,在压力低于1毫巴的真空下,降低熔钢中溶解的气体(主要是氢气),以提高强度和抗力.在真空氧脱碳(VOD)过程中,在压力约为50~200毫巴真空下,由于往钢液表面喷氧,钢中碳... 相似文献
992.
993.
Zhu F Grobosch M Treske U Huang L Chen W Yang J Yan D Knupfer M 《ACS applied materials & interfaces》2011,3(7):2195-2199
Single-crystal-like organic heterojuntions are fabricated with disk-like molecules and different rodlike molecules. Hole transparent and blocking transport are demonstrated with photoemission spectroscopy and field-effect transistors. These results demonstrate a route to utilize adjustable interfacial electronic structure and control transport behavior in developing functional organic crystalline devices and crystalline nanocircuits. 相似文献
994.
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals typically have ligands attached to their surfaces that afford solubility in common solvents but hinder charge transport in nanocrystal films. Here, an alternative route is explored in which bare germanium nanocrystals are solubilized by select solvents to form stable colloids without the use of ligands. A survey of candidate solvents shows that germanium nanocrystals are completely solubilized by benzonitrile, likely because of electrostatic stabilization. Films cast from these dispersions are uniform, dense, and smooth, making them suitable for device applications without postdeposition treatment. 相似文献
995.
J. Luten Will Bouquet Jörg Oehlenschläger Uwe Meetschen Monique Etienne Geoff Stroud Pjotr Bykowski Irunea Batista Wilfried Vyncke Gudmundur Stefansson 《European Food Research and Technology》1997,204(3):237-240
Eight WEFTA laboratories participated in two series of intercomparison exercises on sulfite determination in tropical shrimps. Samples of tropical shrimps were spiked with sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) and hydroxymethylsulfonate (HMS) at a level of 25–90?mg SO2/kg. Most of the laboratories determined the sulfite content with (modified) methods of Monier-Williams or De Vries et al. The overall mean recovery of sulfite was rather low (47–60%), which may be attributed to an irreversible reaction of sulfite with the tropical shrimps. The repeatability of the methods within the participating laboratories was good. However, reproducibility among the laboratries was poor. It has been shown that the sulfite content in tropical shrimps spiked with Na2S2O5 decreased during storage at ?20°C and at +4°C. Hydroxymethyl- sulfonate was stable during storage. 相似文献
996.
Primary odorants of chicken broth 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Summary Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) of the volatiles obtained by the simultaneous distillation/extraction of a chicken broth resulted in 16 primary odour compounds with FD factor values between 64 and 2048. Fourteen of these compounds were identified as: 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-furfurylthiol, methional, 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole, nonanal, 2(E)-nonenal, 2-formyl-5-methylthiophene,p-cresol, 2(E),4(E)-nonadienal, 2(E),4(E)-decadienal, 2-undecenal,-ionone, -decalactone and -dodecalactone. The primary odorants of chicken broth were compared with those resulting from the AEDA of broths from cow and ox meat. The major differences were that 2(E),4(E)-decadienal (fatty) and -dodecalactone (tallowy, fruity) prevailed in the chicken broth, whereas the sulphur compounds, bis(2-methyl-3-furyl)disulphide (meat-like-aroma) and methional (aroma like cooked potatoes), predominated in broths prepared from cow and ox meats. The odour thresholds (in air) of important meat aroma compounds are reported.
Primäre Geruchsstoffe bei Hühnerbrühe Eine vergleichende Untersuchung mit Brühen aus Kuh- und Ochsenfleisch
Zusammenfassung Durch Aromaextraktverdünnungsanalyse (AEVA) der flüchtigen Verbindungen, isoliert durch simultane Destillation/Extraktion aus Hühnerbrühe, wurden 16 primäre Aromastoffe mit FD-Faktoren im Bereich 64 bis 2048 wahrgenommen. Von diesen Verbindungen wurden 14 identifiziert: 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-Furfurylthiol, Methional, 2,4,5-Trimethylthiazol, Nonanal, 2(E)-Nonenal, 2-Formyl-5-methylthiophen,p-Kresol, 2(E),4(E)-Nonadienal, 2(E),4(E)-Decadienal, 2-Undecenal,-Ionon, -Decalacton, -Dodecalacton. Die primären Geruchsstoffe der Hühnerbrühe wurden mit denen verglichen, die aus einer AEVA von Kuh- und Ochsenfleischbrühe stammten. Hauptunterschiede waren: 2(E),4(E)-Decadienal (fettig) und -Dodecalacton (talgig, fruchtig) überwogen in Hühnerbrühe, während die Schwefelverbindungen Bis(2-methyl-3-furyl)disulfid (fleischartig) und Methional (gekochte Kartoffeln) in den Brühen aus Rindfleisch dominierten. Die Geruchsschwellen (in Luft) wichtiger Fleischaromastoffe wurden bestimmt.相似文献
997.
998.
Pedro M.P. Salom Viktor Fjllstrm Piotr Szaniawski Joaquim P. Leito Adam Hultqvist Paulo A. Fernandes Jennifer P. Teixeira Bruno P. Falco Uwe Zimmermann Antnio F. da Cunha Marika Edoff 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(4):470-478
Until this day, the most efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells have been prepared using a rather complex growth process often referred to as three‐stage or multistage. This family of processes is mainly characterized by a first step deposited with only In, Ga and Se flux to form a first layer. Cu is added in a second step until the film becomes slightly Cu‐rich, where‐after the film is converted to its final Cu‐poor composition by a third stage, again with no or very little addition of Cu. In this paper, a comparison between solar cells prepared with the three‐stage process and a one‐stage/in‐line process with the same composition, thickness, and solar cell stack is made. The one‐stage process is easier to be used in an industrial scale and do not have Cu‐rich transitions. The samples were analyzed using glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, current–voltage‐temperature, capacitance‐voltage, external quantum efficiency, transmission/reflection, and photoluminescence. It was concluded that in spite of differences in the texturing, morphology and Ga gradient, the electrical performance of the two types of samples is quite similar as demonstrated by the similar J–V behavior, quantum spectral response, and the estimated recombination losses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
999.
The performance of solar modules is strongly influenced by the presence of local defects (shunts) in the module. Modeling cell stripes with local defects requires at least a 2D model. Most works on such 2D models are based on the numerical solution of the involved differential equations. These numerical models are quite computationally intensive and hence tedious for applications that require many evaluations of the model, for example, fitting experiments, computing accurate current/voltage characteristics, and finding a maximum power point. In this work, we present a fast 2D model for a cell stripe based on the superposition of several analytical expressions. This model uses a linearization of the solar cell current/voltage characteristics and takes the sheet resistance of one electrode into account (i.e., the other electrode is assumed to be a perfect conductor). With our model, the potential distribution in a cell stripe in the presence of local shunts can be computed in a matter of seconds. The model has been made freely available. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献