Bio‐electrochemical denitrification by a novel proton‐exchange membrane electrodialysis system—a batch mode study

BACKGROUND: Contamination of nitrate in ground and surface water has become an ever‐increasing and serious environmental problem. Biological methods hold the promise of converting nitrate into harmless nitrogen. A novel denitrification system which combines proton‐exchange membrane electrodialysis with simultaneous bio‐electrochemical autotrophic denitrification has been developed. The proton‐exchange membrane was used to transfer current and to exclude oxygen or other oxidative chemicals generated in the anode reaction. The H₂ generated by the cathode was utilized by autotrophic denitrifying microorganisms in the cathode cell to reduce nitrate. In this study, the transport of H⁺, a denitrification kinetics model and factors influencing the denitrification rate were explored in batch mode. RESULTS: The addition of 0.03 mol L^?1 H₂SO₄ into the anode cell enhanced proton transport and maintained the pH of the cathode cell in an appropriate range for biological denitrification. The denitrification rate was affected by applied current and biomass. Under adequate current conditions, the kinetics of the denitrification process followed a zero‐order kinetics model; the average denitrification rate for unit biomass was calculated to be 9.36 mg NO₃^?‐N VSS g^?1 h^?1. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that the system is suitable for denitrification. Owing to its simple structure and operation, it has the potential for use as a system to reduce nitrate in water. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

连续式低压铸造技术的研究与开发

传统的低压铸造方法存在效率低、无法连续生产、金属液品质及气压加压压力波动大的缺陷,为此开发出一种基于PLC和触摸屏技术的新型连续式低压铸造技术.该技术将现有传统的低压浇注兼保温坩埚分成3个独立的坩埚即保温坩埚、加压坩埚、浇注坩埚,3个坩埚底部由过道连通,分别完成加、补料、液面加压及升液浇注3个主要动作.加压坩埚具有定量功能,每次浇注前液面均保持在恒定高度,加压时升液曲线稳定、精确,重复性高.保温坩埚实现了外部补料与加压浇注互不干涉,保证了生产的连续性,生产效率显著提高.     

非平衡磁控溅射制备CrTiAlN/GLC复合涂层的表面性能及摩擦磨损性能研究

采用非平衡磁控溅射技术在新型冷作模具钢表面制备CrTiAlN/GLC复合涂层,并应用拉曼光谱(Raman)、纳米压痕、磨损试验等测试方法分析与考察该复合涂层的组织结构、纳米硬度、结合强度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:CrTiAlN/GLC复合涂层由CrTiAlN和以sp2为主的非晶及微晶结构GLC组成,其纳米硬度(17.38 GPa)介于CrTiAlN与GLC单一涂层之间,但有最高的弹性模量(186.35 GPa),并与基体结合状况良好(临界载荷Lc≥60 N)。此外,复合涂层还明显地改善了基体表面的摩擦学性能,干摩擦系数为0.1～0.35,油润滑磨损率(<0.7×10-12mm3/N.mm)约为基体(1.36×10-12 mm3/N.mm)的50%。     

基于PLC和触摸屏技术的压铸模型芯针冷却控制系统

压铸模细小型芯针的工作温度是压铸模温度控制中的一大难点.针对压铸件小尺寸孔洞成形质量差,型芯针容易变形、粘模、断裂等问题,开发了基于PLC和触摸屏技术的型芯针冷却控制系统.本系统采用高压冷却水结合吹压缩空气的冷却方法控制型芯针的温度,且冷却水独立封闭循环使用.系统硬件设计采用了“PLC+触摸屏”控制方案,以PLC作为上位机,结合嵌入式触摸屏和A/D转换模块组成整个系统的核心;系统软件设计应用触摸屏组态界面并结合PLC控制程序.生产应用表明,采用本系统后,型芯针温度波动小,使用寿命大幅延长;铸件质量提高,废品率降至2％以下.同时系统界面直观、简洁;参数输入、查询显示方便;控制动作稳定可靠.     

Effects of Ga and Sn on the electrochemical behavior of Mg–6Al–1Zn as anode materials

The microstructure and electrochemical behavior of Mg–6Al–1Zn, Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Ga, Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Sn, and Mg–6Al–1Zn–0.5Sn–0.5Ga as anode materials in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution are compared systematically. The results show that Sn alloying refines the second-phases of Mg–6Zn–1Al by promoting tiny granular Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phases containing Sn, and inspires their disperse distribution. However, the Ga results in the formation of semicontinuous reticular Ga containing Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phases. The comparison of discharge tests indicates that Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Sn has the highest discharge activity, and Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Ga displays the largest hydrogen evolution corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at 298 K. The synergy of Ga and Sn can shorten discharge activation time and promote low discharge potential. In addition, the utilization efficiencies of the alloys decrease as follows: Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Ga > Mg–6Al–1Zn–0.5Sn–0.5Ga > Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Sn > Mg–6Zn–1Al. This study illustrates that the Mg–6Al–1Zn–0.5Sn–0.5Ga alloy has acceptable utilization efficiency and desirable electrochemical activity, which implies that doping Ga and Sn obtains a balance between discharge activity and utilization efficiencies.     

TC21钛合金的全片层组织和冲击性能研究

利用光学显微镜、场发射扫描电镜和示波冲击试验机等研究了TC21钛合金在不同退火温度下的全片层组织演化规律和冲击韧性。结果表明：TC21钛合金经980 ℃固溶处理后,再经720、770、820 ℃退火处理,均能获得具有多层次特征的全片层组织。随着退火温度升高,TC21钛合金组织中α片层厚度、晶界α相厚度、α丛域尺寸都增大,而β晶粒尺寸基本保持不变。合金显微组织中小角度界面的比例随退火温度的升高而逐渐增加,冲击断裂过程中的裂纹形成功和扩展功也逐渐增大,且扩展功所占比例提高;断裂机制从穿晶断裂为主逐渐向沿晶界和丛域界断裂为主转变。     

Multiscale, Multiphysics Numerical Modeling of Fusion Welding with Experimental Characterization and Validation

Various physical interfacial phenomena occur during the process of welding and influence the final properties of welded structures. As the features of such interfaces depend on physics that resolve at different spatial scales, a multiscale and multiphysics numerical modeling approach is necessary. In a collaborative research project Modeling of Interface Evolution in Advanced Welding, a novel strategy of model linking is employed in a multiscale, multiphysics computational framework for fusion welding. We only directly link numerical models that are on neighboring spatial scales instead of trying to link all submodels directly together through all available spatial scales. This strategy ensures that the numerical models assist one another via smooth data transfer, avoiding the huge difficulty raised by forcing models to attempt communication over many spatial scales. Experimental activities contribute to the modeling work by providing valuable input parameters and validation data. Representative examples of the results of modeling, linking and characterization are presented.     

Toughness improvement by Cu addition in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steels

The effect of microstructure and Cu addition in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel subjected to 100?kJ?cm^?1 heat input welding was studied. It has been observed that the primary microstructure in Cu-free HSLA steels is dominated by bainite, whereas, in Cu-bearing HSLA steels, the predominant microstructure is acicular ferrite. The acicular ferrite nucleated at intragranular complex inclusions consisting of Al and Ti oxides, covered with layer of MnS and CuS. The presence of high intensity of acicular ferrite and hard impingements between acicular ferrite laths or plates has contributed to the fine-grained and interlocked microstructure. The enhanced toughness in CGHAZ of Cu-bearing HSLA steel is attributed to the fine-grained interlocked microstructure of acicular ferrite.     

材料力学性能与液压胀接性能的关系

应用弹塑性力学的基本原理分析了材料的力学性能与液压胀接性能的关系,根据应力-应变曲线分析了胀接原理,给出了可实现胀接的必要条件,为选择合理的管子和管板材料提供理论依据。     

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Virgin Coconut Oil in Binary Mixtures with Olive Oil and Palm Oil

Rapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was applied for quantitative analysis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in binary mixtures with olive oil (OO) and palm oil (PO). The spectral bands correlated with VCO, OO, PO; blends of VCO and OO; VCO and PO were scanned, interpreted, and identified. Two multivariate calibration methods, partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR), were used to construct the calibration models that correlate between actual and FTIR-predicted values of VCO contents in the mixtures at the FTIR spectral frequencies of 1,120–1,105 and 965–960 cm⁻¹. The calibration models obtained were cross validated using the “leave one out” method. PLS at these frequencies showed the best calibration model, in terms of the highest coefficient of determination (R ²) and the lowest of root mean standard error of calibration (RMSEC) with R ² = 0.9992 and RMSEC = 0.756, respectively, for VCO in mixture with OO. Meanwhile, the R ² and RMSEC values obtained for VCO in mixture with PO were 0.9996 and 0.494, respectively. In general, FTIR spectroscopy serves as a suitable technique for determination of VCO in mixture with the other oils.