催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫催化剂RSDS-1的开发

介绍了用于催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫催化剂RSDS-1的研究开发，考察了载体、活性组元、金属原子比以及助剂对催化剂选择性的影响。研究结果表明，催化裂化汽油中烯烃的加氢饱和受扩散限制；Co—Mo组合对烯烃饱和的能力相对较弱；较高的Co／Mo原子比有利于提高催化剂选择性；助剂的加入对催化剂选择性有明显的影响；RSDS—1催化剂用于催化裂化汽油选择性脱硫，对不同原料油适应性好，脱硫率可达80％，RON损失小于2个单位，且可长周期稳定运转。     

Cooling and Solidification of Melted Drops in an Immiscible Cooling Medium

The cooling and solidification of melted drops during their movement in an immiscible cooling medium is widely employed for granulation in the chemical industry, and a study of these processes to provides a basis for the design of the granulation tower height and the temperature of the cooling medium is reported. A physical model of the cooling and solidification of the drop is established and the numerical calculation is performed. The influences of the key factors in the solidification, i.e., Bi number, drop diameter, temperature of the cooling medium, etc. are presented. The cooling and solidification during wax granulation in a water‐cooling tower and during urea granulation in an air‐cooling tower (spraying tower) are described in detail. Characteristics of the solidification and temperature distribution within the particle at different times are shown. The model and calculations can be used for structure design of the granulation tower and optimization of the operation parameters.     

Interfacial strength and chemistry of additive-free silicon nitride ceramics brazed with aluminium

Two kinds of additive-free silicon nitride ceramics were brazed with aluminium; one was with as-ground faying surfaces and the other was with faying surfaces heat-treated at 1073K for 1.8 ksec in air. The heat-treatment of the silicon nitride ceramics formed a silicon oxynitride layer on the faying surfaces and increased the brazing strength of the joints. A silica-alumina non-crystalline layer and a β′-sialon layer were formed successively from the aluminium side at the interface of the joints. The heat-treatment which made the former layer thicker is a necessary process in making reliable, strong brazed joints.     

Craze yielding and fracture mechanism in PE/PS/PE laminated films

The change in polystyrene (PS) layer thickness, which has been simultaneously determined during post-yield deformation, shows that crazing is the basic mechanism of toughening in all laminated films, and that shear deformation supplements the contribution of crazing especially for samples with high polyethylene (PE) volume fractions. Crazes formed in PS layers in the laminated films are slender and regular compared with the short and lenticular crazes formed in bulk PS film. When PE volume fraction increased, craze advance speed decreased because of the reduction of the stress concentration effect at craze tips. The life-time of the first mature craze to be formed at a given strain rate increased with PE volume fraction because the PE supporting the mature crazes could effectively inhibit craze rupture and blunt out the propagating crack by absorbing the stored elastic energy in the PS layer that would have been dissipated as fracture surface energy.     

Theoretical analysis of RAIM in the occurrence of simultaneous two-satellite faults

Most algorithms on receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) are under the assumption of a single-satellite fault, because there is an extremely small probability that significant simultaneous multiple-satellite faults may occur. However, after the implementation of the Galileo system in a few years, there will be more satellites in view for the user to utilise together with GPS satellites, and a combination of them will bring better performance for RAIM. On the other hand, with the help of wide area augmentation system and the use of dual-frequency operation, pseudo-range errors will be reduced greatly. Thus, tighter alert limits are required for RAIM, and formerly `small' errors should not be neglected. All of those factors make it necessary to consider simultaneous multiple-satellite faults. A detailed theoretical analysis of RAIM under the condition of two-satellite faults for both vertical and horizontal directions is presented. The characteristic/max slopes for every pair of satellites are then deduced in order to calculate the tighter vertical/horizontal protection level for RAIM     

On structural and high temperature electrochemical properties of ZrO2 thin film coating on Zr metal produced by carbonate melt

Melt of NaCO₃ can favor oxidation of Zr to form ZrO₂ thin film on Zr surface, which is used to make Zr/ZrO₂ oxidation/reduction electrode of pH sensor for testing elevated temperature aqueous solutions. Using SEM, EPMA, XPS, EXAFS and HRTEM, we found that ZrO₂ film is tightness and solid with 20 μm thickness composed by nanometer-sized monoclinic crystals. Zr/ZrO₂ interface is characterized of zoning structure according to topography and chemical composition in five zones: oxygen-rich ZrO₂, ZrO₂, oxygen-rich Zr metal, oxygen-bearing Zr and Zr from outmost to center. Melt oxidation process of Zr involved oxidation time, air and temperature. The air is important effect on structural and electrochemical properties of ZrO₂ thin film for making elevate temperature electrochemical sensor. If oxygen air largely presented in carbonate melting process, ZrO₂ thin film is not tightness and not for oxidation/reduction electrode.     

Probing the thermal decomposition process of layered double hydroxides through in situ <Superscript>57</Superscript>Fe Mössbauer and in situ X-ray diffraction experiments

The thermal decomposition properties of Mg–Fe hydrotalcites were studied through in situ ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and in situ X-ray diffraction. Abrupt changes in the quadrupolar splitting measured in the Mössbauer spectra revealed a phase transition from the starting lamellar structure to a new crystalline arrangement. By analyzing the Mössbauer parameters we show that the material is highly disordered in the 300–400 °C temperature range. This hypothesis is confirmed by the X-ray results whose diffractograms indicated the collapse of the lamellar structure and the formation of a solid solution.     

Residual toughness of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) after fatigue loading—effect of uniaxial fatigue loading

Toughness variation of non-notched poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) subjected to uniaxial fatigue loading was investigated. The experiments were conducted by applying fatigue loading to strip specimens first, from which dog-bone specimens were machined. The dog-bone specimens were tested to measure the strain for the on-set of fracture, named cracking strain here, thus to monitor the toughness change due to the fatigue loading.The test results showed that the fatigue loading caused the toughness drop in ABS, even before any visible crack was developed. Damage development and fracture behavior were then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis revealed that damage zones, not cracks, were initiated during the fatigue loading, and were the main cause of the toughness drop. Mechanisms for the damage initiation include matrix crazing and debonding of small rubber particles; however, large rubber particles remained intact. Based on the results, a deformation model is proposed for the damage zone initiation, which provides an explanation for the toughness change under the fatigue loading.