Methodology for Establishing Risk Criteria for Dams in Developing Countries,Case Study of China

Despite the rapid development of risk analysis, there is a relative absence of risk criteria for dams in developing countries recently, which restrained the practical application of the research results. This paper proposes guidelines for establishing risk criteria of dams in developing countries in considering the coordination of social, economic and engineering factors, then establishes a method of targeted analysis and demonstrates relevant parameters selected according to the ALARP principle and F-N curves, using China as an example. Different individual life risk criteria are established based on different safety levels for existing dams and newly built dams. Social life risk criteria and economic risk criteria are established on the basis of the different safety levels of all size reservoirs, the seriousness of the consequences of accidents, and the acceptability of social risks. The process of establishing risk criteria of dams and the analysis of the parameters demonstrated in this paper are meaningful to provide a reference and promote the required level of management for developing countries.     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组8段非常规油藏成因与成藏模式——以盆地东南部甘泉西区为例

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组8段（长8段）剩余油资源量约为21.5×10⁸t,页岩油、致密油复合成藏控因与分布规律等研究较为薄弱,制约着盆地非常规油藏的勘探与发现。通过鄂尔多斯盆地东南部甘泉西区岩心、测井、烃源岩评价、实验模拟等测试资料,深化了生-储-盖组合、输导体系与成藏机理等研究。甘泉西区烃源岩总排烃量为14.1×10⁸t,构造演化控制了多套烃源岩与多类型砂岩储层的交互分布。发育长8段源内砂岩薄夹层型、长8段-长7段源内砂岩薄夹层型、长8₂小层源储近邻型与长8₁小层源储近邻型4种有利生-储-盖组合,其中页岩油藏以"源储一体式"Ⅰ、Ⅱ型配置为主,致密油藏以"源储近邻式"Ⅲ、Ⅳ型配置为主。储层品质与原油充注程度控制着地质储量及可采储量规模,是形成非常规油藏地质"甜点"的关键。建立了非常规油藏多源多储有序复合成藏模式,即"多源生烃增压,驱动多向供烃,裂隙网络联合输导,多储差异充注"。页岩油主要以游离态聚集于烃源岩层系储集性能优良的滩坝砂岩薄夹层,属烃源岩层系内一次运聚成藏;少量页岩油以吸附态滞留于源内粉砂质纹层或以游离态赋存于页理缝孔隙中,属原位成藏。致密油以游离态聚集于烃源岩层系外储-盖配置优越的砂体中,属近源短距离二次运聚成藏。页岩油与致密油时空有序运聚、连续复式成藏,呈局部"甜点"富集、垂向叠置发育、区域集群分布。在有序复合成藏模式的指导下,发现了甘泉西区亿吨级大油田,表明鄂尔多斯盆地长8段非常规石油潜力巨大。陆相坳陷型湖盆沉降中心周缘的三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂岩与湖相泥页岩及滩坝砂岩交互沉积区是页岩油、致密油的有利发育区带。     

生产超低硫柴油RTS技术的工艺优化

The RTS technology can produce ultra-low sulfur diesel at lower costs using available hydrogenation catalyst and device. However, with the increase of the mixing proportion of secondary processed diesel fuel in the feed, the content of nitrogen compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the feed increased, leading to the acceleration of the deactivation rate of the primary catalyst and the shortening of the service cycle. In order to fully understand the reason of catalyst deactivation, the effect of mixing secondary processed diesel fuel oil on the operating stability of the catalyst in the first reactor was investigated in a medium-sized fixed-bed hydrogenation unit. The results showed that the nitrogen compounds mainly affected the initial activity of the catalyst, but had little effect on the stability of the catalyst. The PAHs had little effect on the initial activity of the catalyst, but could significantly accelerate the deactivation of the catalyst. Combined with the analysis of the reason of catalyst deactivation and the study of RTS technology, the direction of RTS technology process optimization was put forward, and the stability of catalyst was improved obviously after process optimization.     

沸腾床加氢-焦化组合工艺制备低硫石油焦

对沸腾床加氢-焦化组合工艺制备高品质石油焦的工艺路线进行研究,探究沸腾床未转化油(UCO)的焦化规律.结果表明:渣油沸腾床加氢反应过程中,提高温度或降低空速有利于渣油转化率和杂质脱除率提高;同样的操作区间内,渣油转化率的变化明显大于杂质脱除率;随着渣油转化率增加,UCO硫含量先降低再升高.UCO焦化过程中原料中60％左...     

流体包裹体地层学在石油勘探开发中的应用

流体包裹体地层学(FIS)是一种先进的地球化学分析工具,通过自动而快速的群体包裹体分析获得地层流体的化学信息,利用其响应值在深度剖面上的变化,能够解决一些常用方法难以解决的勘探和开发问题.FIS可以用于识别井眼附近未钻遇油层,由浅层钻井推测深部的油气潜力、研究盖层有效性、识别遗漏油层和低电阻率油层、确定油气运移路径、描...     

中子管地面检测仪的设计与实现

文章介绍了中子管地面检测仪的设计原理和电路实现过程,主要由四部分组成,直流可调高压电源、驱动脉冲发生器、灯丝电源和高速电子开关。采用PWM开关电源技术提供可调高压并应用场效应管作为电子开关,切换速度快,输出方波脉冲高压。此检测仪在实际测试中得到满意的效果。     

EFFECT OF STRENGTH ON CORROSION FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF LOW ALLOY STEELS IN ARTIFICIAL SEAWATER

本文应用断裂力学及电化学等方法,研究了通过不同回火温度处理具有不同强度水平的34CrNi3Mo和40CrNiMo钢在人造海水中的腐蚀疲劳(CF)和应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。试验结果表明,钢的强度对CF和SCC行为有着强烈的作用。随着钢屈服强度σ_s的提高,钢在海水中的SCC敏感性增大,腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率dα/dN剧增。低合金钢在海水环境中的CF行为与SCC行为密切相关,而在CF条件下可促进钢的SCC敏感性。     

边顶水超稠油油藏SAGD蒸汽腔描述及调控对策

受油藏非均质性影响,无隔夹层边顶水的巨厚块状超稠油油藏SAGD蒸汽腔纵向发育不均衡,存在边顶水下泄风险。针对该问题,通过对辽河油田杜84块SAGD蒸汽腔的精细描述,立体刻画了蒸汽腔空间展布特征,并通过数值模拟对SAGD井组停止注汽、降低注汽量、间歇注汽、注非凝析气4种调控方式进行优化对比,论证不同开发方式对蒸汽腔扩展的影响,提出了SAGD蒸汽腔均衡调控对策。结果表明:4种调控方式均可抑制汽腔继续向上扩展,其中,间歇注汽更易于均衡汽腔,节约蒸汽用量,延长开发期,且具有油汽比高,净产油量高的生产特点。该研究对SAGD汽腔描述及控制技术具有技术指导意义。     

MAH-g-POE及玻璃纤维对尼龙66的改性研究

采用马来酸酐接枝乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物(MAH-g-POE)及玻璃纤维(GF)对尼龙(PA)66进行共混改性,对共混材料的力学性能和微观结构进行了分析表征。结果表明:POE-g-MAH可改善PA 66/POE、PA 66/GF的界面结合,增强体系的相容性,是PA 66/POE-g-MAH/GF复合材料一种有效的界面增容剂;当PA 66/POE-g-MAH/GF配比(质量份)为65/10/25时,该复合材料的缺口冲击强度为268 J/m,拉伸强度为130 MPa。     

牙哈凝析气田腐蚀机理及防腐措施研究

塔里木油田牙哈凝析气田是西气东输的主力气田之一,井下油管到地面集气管线、节流阀,均存在不同程度的腐蚀。针对井下管柱及地面管线腐蚀的严重情况,通过机理研究和腐蚀监测,基本摸清了腐蚀的原因,并实际应用了一些防腐措施如分批次更换了采油树（内衬不锈钢、修复）和油管、优化井口流程,减少弯头数,弯头选用4-5D大曲率半径弯头,角阀后适当扩径,消除闪蒸影响及采用双金属复合管等,收到了不错的效果。