This paper presents a general approach for the stability analysis of the time-domain finite-element method (TDFEM) for electromagnetic simulations. Derived from the discrete system analysis, the approach determines the stability by analyzing the root-locus map of a characteristic equation and evaluating the spectral radius of the finite element system matrix. The approach is applicable to the TDFEM simulation involving dispersive media and to various temporal discretization schemes such as the central difference, forward difference, backward difference, and Newmark methods. It is shown that the stability of the TDFEM is determined by the material property and by the temporal and spatial discretization schemes. The proposed approach is applied to a variety of TDFEM schemes, which include: (1) time-domain finite-element modeling of dispersive media; (2) time-domain finite element-boundary integral method; (3) higher order TDFEM; and (4) orthogonal TDFEM. Numerical results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach for stability analysis. 相似文献
With the advent of Next Generation Network (NGN), services that are currently provided by multiple specific network-centric
architectures. NGN provides AAA (Anytime, Anywhere and Always on) access to users from different service providers with consistent
and ubiquitous provision of services as necessary. This special issue of NGN includes pervasive, grid, and peer-to-peer computing
to provide computing and communication services at anytime and anywhere. In fact, the application of NGN includes digital
image processing, multimedia systems/services, and so on. Here we focus on the digital image processing technology in NGN
environments. Low-contrast structure and heavy noise in NGN environments can be found in many kinds of digital images, which
makes the images vague and uncertainly, especially in x-ray images. As result, some useful tiny characteristic are weakened—which
are difficult to distinguish even by naked eyes. Based on the combination of no-linear grad-contrast operator and multi-resolution
wavelet analysis, a kind of image enhancement processing algorithm for useful tiny characters is presented. The algorithm
can enhance the tiny characters while confine amplifying noise. The analysis of the results shows that local regions of the
image are enhanced by using the concept of the grad contrast to make image clearer adaptively. Experiments were conducted
on real pictures, and the results show that the algorithm is flexible and convenient. 相似文献
Catalysis Letters - Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an effective approach to driving the CO2 reduction to multi-carbon organic products using renewable energy. In this work, the MES of acetate... 相似文献
As the outermost barrier of the body, skin is a major target of oxidative stress. In the brain, estrogen has been reported synthesized locally and protects neurons from oxidative stress. Here, we explored whether estrogen is also locally synthesized in the skin to protect from oxidative stress and whether aberrant local estrogen synthesis is involved in skin disorders. Enzymes and estrogen receptor expression in skin cells were examined first by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Interestingly, the estrogen synthesis enzyme was mainly localized in epidermal keratinocytes and estrogen receptors were mainly expressed in melanocytes among 13 kinds of cultured human skin cells. The most abundant estrogen synthesis enzyme expressed in the epidermis was 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17β1) localized in keratinocytes, and the most dominant estrogen receptor expressed in the epidermis was G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) in melanocytes. To investigate whether keratinocyte-derived estradiol could protect melanocytes from oxidative stress, cultured human primary epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-MPs) were treated with H2O2 in the presence or absence of 17β estradiol or co-cultured with HSD17β1 siRNA-transfected keratinocytes. Keratinocyte-derived estradiol exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death. Further, reduced expression of HSD17β1 in the epidermis of skin from vitiligo patients was observed compared to the skin from healthy donors or in the normal portions of the skin in vitiligo patients. Our results suggest a possible new target for interventions that may be used in combination with current therapies for patients with vitiligo. 相似文献
The flow field is a pivotal part to manage the transport of water and gas in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. However, the reported water measurement methods (e.g., X-ray and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) cannot give a comprehensive understanding water distribution in the flow field, resulting in challenges in optimizing the channel design and enhancing fuel cell performance. Therefore, we propose a water measurement method combining the X-ray radiography with EIS to investigate the effect of different operating conditions on the growth law and distribution of liquid water in parallel and serpentine flow fields. The attenuation coefficient of liquid water to X-ray is calibrated with constant tube-current and tube-voltage of X-ray generator. Besides, the parallel flow field with hydrophobic treatment is studied. The results show that the water accumulation of the parallel flow field is far more than the serpentine flow field, and the water content of the middle region is higher than that of other regions in the parallel flow field. Furthermore, operating conditions (cathode inlet gas flow rate, inlet gas humidity, and back pressure) have little effect on the liquid water content of the middle region in the parallel flow field. The polarization curve, EIS result, and X-ray radiography show that the performance and water drainage capacity of the hydrophobic parallel flow field are better than the normal one.