Dynamic Tests and Simulation of Magneto–Rheological Dampers

Magneto–rheological fluid dampers (MR dampers) have recently been designed to control the response of civil engineering and building structures because of their large force capacity and controllable force characteristics. To enable them to control structural responses, the dynamic characteristics of structures need to be clarified. This paper discusses the design of MR dampers with a bypass orifice mechanism and verifies their performance by means of dynamic tests and dynamic analytical models. Their dynamic characteristics are investigated experimentally to compare the performance of two different magneto–rheological fluids. One is developed by the Lord Corporation and the other is newly developed in Japan. The effectiveness and validity of MR dampers with a bypass are discussed on the basis of these results.     

Optimization for removal of ruthenium from nitric acid solution by volatilizing with electrochemical oxidation

Ruthenium is a major fission product element among the platinum group elements (PGEs) in high-level liquid waste (HLLW). Ru tetra-oxide, RuO₄, has high vapor pressure, which is high enough to be run off from its solution even at room temperature. Electrochemical oxidation method, to oxidize nitrosyl ruthenium to the tetra-oxide and then to remove ruthenium from liquid phase to gas phase, was studied to separate Ru from the HLLW. The advantage of this method requires neither additional reagents nor adjustment its valency before the oxidation and disadvantage is necessity of long time for oxidation. In order to improve oxidation rate, we carried out the experiments to clarify the effects following fundamental conditions to the electrochemical oxidation, which are (a) electrolyte temperature, (b) presence of promoter elements, (c) evaporation or reflux of condensed phase, and (d) using or not using of diaphragm at counter electrode. We found the fast oxidation conditions as follows: (1) higher temperature; 95°C, (2) Ce coexistence; 3000 ppm; and (3) usage of a diaphragm for counter electrode. However, evaporation or reflux conditions did not directly affect the electrochemical oxidation efficiency.     

The diffusion overpotential increase and appearance of overlapping arcs on the Nyquist plots in the low humidity temperature test conditions of polymer electrolyte fuel cell

We have investigated cell voltage characteristics and AC impedance characteristics of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) at various humidity temperatures for H₂/O₂ and H₂/air test conditions (current density: 200, 400, and 600 mA cm⁻², cell temperature: 80 °C, humidity temperature at respective electrodes: 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C). The diffusion overpotential increases with decreasing humidity in the low humidity temperature region such as 40 and 50 °C and the Nyquist plots obtained from AC impedance measurements show a small arc superposed on an elliptic arc in the low frequency region. The diameter of this small arc increases with decreasing humidity temperature from 50 to 40 °C or with increasing current density. These results suggest that oxygen transport across the ionomer film in the catalyst layer is significantly reduced in the low humidity condition, which causes a decrease in cell voltage, increase in diffusion overpotential, the appearance of overlapping arcs (two separate arcs) in the lower frequency region on the Nyquist plots, and the increase of mass transport resistance from Nyquist plots.     

Propagation of bovine spermatogonial stem cells in vitro

The access to sufficient numbers of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is a prerequisite for the study of their regulation and further biomanipulation. A specialized medium and several growth factors were tested to study the in vitro behavior of bovine type A spermatogonia, a cell population that includes the SSCs and can be specifically stained for the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. During short-term culture (2 weeks), colonies appeared, the morphology of which varied with the specific growth factor(s) added. Whenever the stem cell medium was used, round structures reminiscent of sectioned seminiferous tubules appeared in the core of the colonies. Remarkably, these round structures always contained type A spermatogonia. When leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) were added, specific effects on the numbers and arrangement of somatic cells were observed. However, the number of type A spermatogonia was significantly higher in cultures to which glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was added and highest when GDNF, LIF, EGF, and FGF2 were all present. The latter suggests that a proper stimulation of the somatic cells is necessary for optimal stimulation of the germ cells in culture. Somatic cells present in the colonies included Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, and a few Leydig cells. A transplantation experiment, using nude mice, showed the presence of SSCs among the cultured cells and in addition strongly suggested a more than 10 000-fold increase in the number of SSCs after 30 days of culture. These results demonstrate that bovine SSC self-renew in our specialized bovine culture system and that this system can be used for the propagation of these cells.     

Si-analog IC's for 20 Gb/s optical receiver

Two Si-Analog IC's, a preamplifier IC and a decision IC, for a 20 Gb/s optical receiver have been developed using SiGe-base bipolar transistors having a 60 GHz maximum cutoff frequency. The preamplifier employing a dual feedback loop increases the -3 dB bandwidth up to 19 GHz. A decision IC, composed of a gain controllable amplifier with a bias stabilization circuit and D-F/F, operated at up to 20 Gb/s with a 200-mVp-p input sensitivity     

Application of N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)butanamide for mutual separation of U(VI) and Pu(IV) by continuous counter-current extraction with mixer-settler extractors

Continuous counter-current extraction using N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)butanamide (DEHBA) as an extractant was performed with mixer-settler type extractors consisting of U–Pu extraction, scrub, U recovery, Pu back-extraction, and U back-extraction steps. The feed solution used in the continuous counter-current extraction was 3 mol/dm³ (M) nitric acid containing U, Pu, and simulated fission products of Sr, Ba, Zr, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Nd. More than 99.9% of U and Pu in the feed was extracted by 1.9 M DEHBA at the U–Pu extraction step with negligible extraction of Sr, Ba, Mo, Ru, Rh, and Nd. The extracted Pu was back-extracted via contact with 0.3 M nitric acid in the Pu back-extraction step, and the ratio of Pu distributed to the Pu fraction stream was ～ 82%. It was confirmed that 1.9 M DEHBA effectively recovered U in the U recovery step, and the ratio of U in the Pu fraction stream was less than 1%. The extracted U was back-extracted in the U back-extraction step, and more than 98% of U was recovered in the U fraction stream.     

Current status of HIV infection in Yunnan Province of China

In cooperation with the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine and Yunnan Province Provincial Office for AIDS Control and Prevention, we studied the current status of HIV infection intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and other high risk groups in Yunnan province of China. As of the end of 1995, 1,807 HIV cases were officially reported (Positive rate was 0.6%), of which 1,278 (77.9%) were IVDUs, and 24 were their spouses. The majority of cases were found among the Dai minority male farmers near Ruili which borders on Myammar, but HIV also appears to be spreading among the Han people. HIV antibody positive rates among commercial sex workers, pregnant women and blood donors were 0.2%, 0.07% and 0.04%, respectively. A system for surveillance of HIV has been developed, but preventive strategies to cope with HIV epidemic are not sufficient. As HIV/AIDS is now a global issue, (1) the integration and coordination of such preventive strategies in cooperation with community health workers, (2) general health education for condom use promotion and (3) care of psychological vulnerable person such as IVDUs, should be developed.     

Interaction of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with tryptophan-139 at the subunit interface of dimeric D-amino acid transaminase

The crystal structure of dimeric bacterial D-amino acid transaminase shows that the indole rings of the two Trp-139 side chains face each other in the subunit interface about 10 angstroms from the coenzyme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. To determine whether it has a role in the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme or interacts with the coenzyme, Trp-139 has been substituted by several different types of amino acids, and the properties of these recombinant mutant enzymes have been compared to the wild-type enzyme. In the native wild-type holoenzyme, the fluorescence of one of the three Trp residues per monomer is almost completely quenched, probably due to its interaction with PLP since in the native wild-type apoenzyme devoid of PLP, tryptophan fluorescence is not quenched. Upon reconstitution of this apoenzyme with PLP, the tryptophan fluorescence is quenched to about the same extent as it is in the native wild-type enzyme. The site of fluorescence quenching is Trp-139 since the W139F mutant in which Trp-139 is replaced by Phe has about the same amount of fluorescence as the wild-type enzyme. The circular dichroism spectra of the holo and the apo forms of both the wild-type and the W139F enzymes in the far-ultraviolet show about the same degree of ellipticity, consistent with the absence of extensive global changes in protein structure. Furthermore, comparison of the circular dichroism spectrum of the W139F enzyme at 280 nm with the corresponding spectral region of the wild-type enzyme suggests a restricted microenvironment for Trp-139 in the latter enzyme. The functional importance of Trp-139 is also demonstrated by the finding that its replacement by Phe, His, Pro, or Ala gives mutant enzymes that are optimally active at temperatures below that of the wild-type enzyme and undergo the E-PLP --> E-PMP transition as a function of D-Ala concentration with reduced efficiency. The results suggest that a fully functional dimeric interface with the two juxtaposed indole rings of Trp-139 is important for optimal catalytic function and maximum thermostability of the enzyme and, furthermore, that there might be energy transfer between Trp-139 and coenzyme PLP.     

Microlens tipped on a single-mode fibre end for InGaAsP laser coupling improvement

A new fabrication method for a hemispherical microlens on optical fibre ends is proposed, to achieve high coupling efficiency between an InGaAsP laser with a buried heterostructure geometry and a single-mode fibre. The microlens is fabricated by attaching silica glass to the fibre end, which is then heated to form the desired shape by electric discharge. The lowest coupling loss of 2.9 dB has been achieved by selecting the optimum lens radius at 8.5 ?m. Effects of misalignment are also reported.     

Reaction mechanism of L-2-haloacid dehalogenase of Pseudomonas sp. YL. Identification of Asp10 as the active site nucleophile by 18O incorporation experiments

L-2-Haloacid dehalogenase (EC 3.8.1.2) catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of L-2-haloacids to produce the corresponding D-2-hydroxy acids. We have analyzed the reaction mechanism of the enzyme from Pseudomonas sp. YL and found that Asp10 is the active site nucleophile. When the multiple turnover enzyme reaction was carried out in H2(18)O with L-2-chloropropionate as a substrate, lactate produced was labeled with 18O. However, when the single turnover enzyme reaction was carried out by use of a large excess of the enzyme, the product was not labeled. This suggests that an oxygen atom of the solvent water is first incorporated into the enzyme and then transferred to the product. After the multiple turnover reaction in H2(18)O, the enzyme was digested with lysyl endopeptidase, and the molecular masses of the peptide fragments formed were measured by an ionspray mass spectrometer. Two 18O atoms were shown to be incorporated into a hexapeptide, Gly6-Lys11. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of this peptide revealed that Asp10 was labeled with two 18O atoms. Our previous site-directed mutagenesis experiment showed that the replacement of Asp10 led to a significant loss in the enzyme activity. These results indicate that Asp10 acts as a nucleophile on the alpha-carbon of the substrate leading to the formation of an ester intermediate, which is hydrolyzed by nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the carbonyl carbon atom.