Visualization of results of load flow calculation and dynamic simulation

This paper proposes graphical representation methods of static and dynamic characteristics of power systems. The methods use the computed results of load flow calculation and dynamic stability calculation. This work develops three kinds of representation methods using maps and animation which are sequential graphical representation of maps based on dynamic stability calculation. Conventionally the results of load flow calculation and dynamic stability calculation are represented and comprehended using load flow maps or dynamic swing curve. However, quick and effective comprehension of power system characteristics by such conventional representation methods is becoming more difficult as power systems to be analyzed are becoming larger and more complicated, especially in power systems with many loops or grids. Graphical representation using the proposed methods makes it easy to understand the static and dynamic characteristics of power systems quickly and comprehensively. In addition to these methods, this paper proposes a heuristic logic that makes it possible to draw maps automatically. It is very convenient to apply these methods to arbitrary power systems even if their constitutions or characteristics are not well known.     

Injection of tridocosahexaenoyl-glycerol emulsion and fatty acid composition of blood cells

An injectable emulsion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was prepared. One hundred ml of the emulsion contained 3 g of 93%-pure 1,2,3-tridocosahexaenoylglycerol (DHA-TG), 1.2 g of 93%-pure 2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylcholine as an emulsifier and 2.5 g of glycerol. Thirty ml of the emulsion of DHA-TG was injected into three rabbits on days 1 and 4 of the study. Blood was taken on day 0, on day 4 just before the second injection and on day 7. The percentage of DHA in the total phospholipid fraction of platelets increased from 0.46% (day 0) to 1.88% (day 4, p<0.05) and 3.66% (day 7; p<0.02 vs day 0). The percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased from 0.46% (day 0) to 1.03% (day 4, p<0.02) and 1.63% (day 7: p<0.05 vs day 0). The percentage of arachidonic acid (AA) decreased from 9.45% (day 0) to 4.31% (day 4, p<0.05) and 6.68% (day 7; p<0.02 vs day 0). The percentage of DHA in the total phospholipid fraction of erythrocyte membranes increased from 0.23% (day 0) to 0.91% (day 4, p<0.05) and 1.52% (day 7; p<0.005 vs day 0); that of EPA increased from 0.21% (day 0) to 0.34% (day 4, p<0.005%) and 0.52% (day 7, p<0.01 vs day 0); that of AA was unchanged. Blood lipids were the same before and after the two injections of the emulsion, except that free fatty acids decreased markedly from 0.32 to 0.06 mEq/1 (p<0.02). On day 8, free AA (2 mg/kg) was injected into ear veins of the three treated rabbits and of four control rabbits (not treated with DHA-TG). All the control rabbits died a few minutes after the AA injection, but none of the DHA-treated rabbits died after AA injection (p<0.01). An emulsion of DHA-TG may be useful for patients having immediate risk of thrombosis or for those who need DHA but cannot take it orally.     

Copolymerization of styrene with acrylamide derivatives in an emulsifier-free aqueous medium

Acrylamide derivatives were copolymerized with styrene in an emulsifier-free aqueous medium, and the copolymerization mode and the characteristics of the resulting latices were compared with those of a styrene–acrylamide copolymerization system. In their copolymerization mode, N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide and N,N-dimethylacrylamide resembled acrylamide, and their heterogeneous copolymerization course was divided into three stages on the basis of the main reaction locus. Copolymerization of styrene–methacrylamide did not resemble that of the others. The interfacial property and reactivity of acrylamides affected not only the polymerization mechanism but also the latex properties, e.g., particle size, distribution of acrylamides units in the latex, etc. The narrowest distribution of particle size was obtained in styrene–N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide copolymerization at a monomer ratio of 10:1. Delayed addition of styrene into the aqueous solution of N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide prepolymerized to some extent was found to be effective in preparing a latex with nearly monodisperse and large particles.     

A comparative study of the Mellor-Yamada and k-ε two-equation turbulence models in atmospheric application

The present study systematically compares the Mellor-Yamada (MY) model and the k−ε algebraic stress model in order to verify the possibility of using the k−ε algebraic stress model in atmospheric applications. The results of the parameterization process and atmospheric application of both models confirmed that the MY model neglected the pressure redistribution effect of buoyancy due to 〈u_iu_j〉 and 〈u_iθ〉 and that of shear due to 〈u_iθ〉. In addition, the MY model overestimated the turbulent energy dissipation. Based on the formulation of the k−ε algebraic stress model, we modified the constant value C_μ(=0.09) in the standard k−ε model to obtain the variables C_μM and C_μH to account for atmospheric stability. Finally, the results of the simulation obtained from the Wangara experiment verify the possibility of using the k−ε algebraic stress model in atmospheric application.     

Photoresist removal process by hydrogen radicals generated by W catalyst

Hydrogen radical process for photoresist removal by use of hot W catalyst has been investigated for a possible application to advanced Cu/low-k dielectric interconnects in LSI. It is found that etching rates of resists depend critically on sample temperature (T_s) and are higher than 1 μm/min at the optimized condition. H radical irradiation effects on porous methylsilsesquioxane (p-MSQ) have been studied from measurements of k value and capacitance of the advanced interconnect test sample. No radical process is observed to induce the increase in k value of p-MSQ films. These results suggest that the hydrogen radical process for resist removal with W catalyst is promising for production of advanced interconnects.     

Optimum profile parameter on graded-index optical fibre at 1.27 ?m wavelength

The optimum profile parameter on germanium phosphosilicate graded-index optical fibres at 1.27 ?m wavelength is examined experimentally and is found to be 1.88 ± 0.01. Graded-index optical fibres that simultaneously possess high transmission bandwidth (in excess of 1 GHz km) and attenuation below 1 dB/km are obtained.