基于PCA—ANFIS的油井注水有效周期预测研究

针对油田上注水有效周期不确定的问题,提出一个基于混合主成分分析与ANFIS的数值方法进行油井注水有效周期的预测研究．首先使用主成分分析对原始数据进行降维处理,然后应用ANFIS对降维后的数据进行训练与测试．实验使用油田上116口油井的真实注水统计数据检验混合主成分分析与ANFIS模型的正确性,测试的注水有效周期平均绝对误差为1．80个月,而未经过主成分分析处理的测试平均误差为4．33个月,混合主成分分析与ANFIS模型的测试精度得到大幅度提高,说明主成分分析与ANFIS的混合方法对预测油井注水有效周期是可行与有效的．     

Effect of different cleaning processes on saponins' loss rate and total ash clearance rate of Notoginseng and heavy metal health risk assessment

Total ash clearance rates and saponins' loss rates of Panax notoginseng rhizome, root tuber, and rootlet all increased with a prolonged washing time and the rising of water temperature. Under the same conditions, the total ash clearance rates of fresh P. notoginseng were significantly higher than those dried. Meanwhile, the saponins' loss rates were opposite. The highest daily intake of bioavailability heavy metals was rootlet. However, all of that was significantly lower than the recommended daily intake, and both the target hazard quotients and hazard index values were lower than 1. Conclusion, it is effective to decrease washing time and water temperature in order to reduce the loss of saponins of P. notoginseng on the premise that ash content of Notoginseng conforms to standard of Chinese Pharmacopeias. Safety risk assessments of heavy metals based on bioavailability can further reduce the health risk of the heavy metal exposure of Notoginseng.

Practical applications

Notoginseng possesses the functions of hemostatic and promoting blood circulation. Clay on the surface of Notoginseng contains high content of heavy metal and induces the exceeding of standard. Washing is the most effective way to clean heavy metal attached on Notoginseng. However, research about the washing technology of Panax notoginseng is still blank. Heavy metals in Notoginseng that are taken orally are much higher than the amount actually absorbed by humans. In such a condition, the risk of heavy metals in Notoginseng will be overestimated, which may bring unnecessary loss to the development of Notoginseng industry. Therefore, this experiment researches the remaining of heavy metal under different washing water temperature and washing time. Also, we evaluate the bioavailability and risk of heavy metals in Notoginseng that are washed in an optimum condition. In this way, we provide technological parameters for the washing operation in processing P. notoginseng and referential data to set the quantity standard of heavy metal in Notoginseng.     

Nucleotide degradation products of gamma‐irradiated sea bream (Sparus aurata) stored in ice

Nucleotide degradation products of irradiated sea bream stored up to 19 days in ice were investigated. Irradiation had significant effect on the nucleotide concentrations in sea bream muscle (P < 0.05). The results showed that the highest value of inosine monophosphate (IMP) was observed in irradiated sea bream at 5 kGy, followed by at 2.5 kGy. Initial inosine (INO) concentration in irradiated sea bream at 5 kGy was 4.26 μmoles g^?1, which reached maximum value of 8.83 μmoles g^?1 when fish completely spoiled (19 days). When the fish reached the limit of acceptability, the mean values of K, Ki, H and G were 86.8%, 90.3%, 59.8% and 213.9% for unirradiated sea bream, 85.2%, 87.8%, 56.8% and 197.8% for irradiated sea bream at 2.5 kGy and 88.4%, 90.9%, 57.8%, 211.5% for irradiated sea bream at 5 kGy, respectively. The results of this study indicated that nucleotide degradation was more rapid in unirradiated sea bream than those irradiated. K, Ki, H and G value in irradiated fish can be used as a freshness index because there is a good linear relationship between values and storage time of fish.     

Antioxidant properties of caseins and whey proteins in model oil-in-water emulsions

The oxidative stabilities of both wheyproteinisolate (WPI)- and sodiumcaseinate-stabilized linoleic acid emulsions with different droplet sizes, protein concentrations and protein concentrations in the continuous phase were examined by determining lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal in the headspace. Emulsions with small droplet size had greater oxidative stability than emulsions with large droplet size in both WPI and sodiumcaseinate-stabilized emulsions. Lipid oxidation was in general lowered by an increase in the protein concentration. At high protein concentrations, the antioxidative effect of the protein in the emulsions appeared to offset the effects of emulsion droplet size and protein type. Replacing the unadsorbed protein in the continuous phase with water markedly decreased the oxidative stability of the emulsions. In contrast, the oxidative stability of the emulsions increased with increasing protein concentration in the continuous phase. This suggests that the antioxidative mechanism of protein in the interfacial region, such as binding trace metal ions from the lipid phase and free-radical-scavenging activity, may involve a dynamic exchange process with protein molecules from the continuous phase.     

Cinnamon and nisin in alginate-calcium coating maintain quality of fresh northern snakehead fish fillets

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and nisin in alginate-calcium coating were used to maintain quality of northern snakehead fish fillets at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1 °C). Northern snakehead fish fillets were left untreated (CK), or were treated with alginate-calcium coating (Y0), alginate-calcium coating incorporating 10 μL mL⁻¹ cinnamon (Y1), alginate-calcium coating incorporating 2000 IU mL⁻¹ nisin and 150 μg mL⁻¹ ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Y2), or alginate-calcium coating incorporating 10 μL mL⁻¹ cinnamon and 2000 IU mL⁻¹ nisin and 150 μg mL⁻¹ EDTA (Y3). Y1 and Y3 had better effects on inhibiting bacterial growth and maintaining values of pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) of northern snakehead fish than CK, Y0 and Y2. Lightness (L*) values of fish fillets of all treatments were higher than CK. Cinnamon in alginate-calcium coating treatments could efficiently maintain quality of northern snakehead fish fillets during storage, but colors of fish fillets of Y1 and Y3 were evidently changed due to the color of cinnamon.     

传统图案在现代环境艺术设计中运用的若干思考

本文从中国传统图案及其分类分析入手,并从美学、心理学、经济学视角探讨了传统图案的特征、功能和现代环境艺术设计的要求,提出了如何运用传统图案进行现代环境艺术设计的若干思考。     

"十一五"小水电发展面临的形势和任务

从2006年开始,我国的经济社会发展将跨入“十一五”发展时期。经过“十五”时期的高速发展,我国经济社会所面临的国际环境和国内宏观形势都发生了较大的变化。在此背景下,本文分析了小水电发展的形势和任务,提出要抓住国家推广可再生能源利用的历史性机遇,大力发展小水电,并具体分析了小水电可持续发展的“三大补偿”制度,以及处理水能资源开发中的五大关系。     

西霞院坝基粉细砂的动力特性研究

西霞院坝基为粉细砂和砂砾石层,为进行大坝动力安全性分析和液化评判,采用振动三轴仪对坝基粉细砂的动力特性进行了试验,分析了其动强度、动力变形、动孔压特性,结果表明：粉细砂的振动应力比值随振次的增加而减小,随固结比的增大而增大;剪切模量随剪应变的增大而减小,阻尼比随剪应变的增大而增大。     

大型水利综合类工程良性运行管理体制研究

大型水利综合类工程不能实现良性运行已经成为影响水利改革发展的突出问题。目前大型水利综合类工程的管理体制与管理目标之间存在矛盾，通过分析大型水利综合类工程良性运行的基本内涵与工程管理体制的关系．明确影响大型水利综合类工程管理体制的因素，对于确立新型管理体制，实现工程良性运行有十分重要的意义。     

农村水电可持续发展及管理对策

农村水电具有一定的开发优势，但在开发中存在着水能资源管理缺位、部门职责不清、缺乏统一规划和统一调度管理等问题。针对这些问题,从编制流域综合规划、建立和完善水能资源许可制度、加强政府监管力度、实行统一调度、协调水电开发与生态保护的关系等方面提出了管理对策。