Continuous formation of slurry ice by cooling water–oil emulsion in a tube

Water-silicone oil emulsion with an additive, (C₂H₅O)₃SiC₃H₆NH₂, was examined as a heat storage material. A spiral tube used as a heat exchanger was immersed in a low temperature bath and the emulsion was circulated in the tube to make ice continuously. Ice was separated from the ice–liquid suspension in an outlet tank. The amount of formed ice, the temperatures of the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger, and the temperatures in the tube wall were measured and the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux through the tube were calculated. Experiments were carried out, varying the flow rate, the temperature of cooling brine, and the thickness of tube wall. The condition under which slurry ice was formed continuously without adhesion of ice to the cooling wall was clarified. Though decrease in the thermal resistance of the tube increased the rate of ice formation or raised the brine temperature, it narrowed the range of the flow rate and of the brine temperature in which slurry ice was formed continuously.     

Surface characterization and catalytic properties of La1−x -Sr x CoO3

The surface chemical states of the perovskite-type compounds, strontium doped lanthanum cobalt oxides (La_1?x Sr _x CoO₃), have been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Catalytic oxidations of both methane and CO have also been investigated using flow methods. The chemical composition of the surface of La_1?x Sr _x CoO₃ was very different from that in the bulk, which was measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS). The catalytic activity of La_1?x Sr _x CoO₃ increased with an increase in the quantity of cobalt atoms on the surface.     

Photoelectrochemical properties of sol–gel-derived Ti1−xVxO2 solid solution film photoelectrodes

Ti_1−xV_xO₂ solid solution film photoelectrodes were prepared by the dip-coating sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to ensure the formation of the solid solution and their composition. Obvious photoresponses were observed in the visible region for the solid solution film electrodes with x0.05 and the red shift of the photoresponse was enhanced with increasing x. Moreover, the solid solution film electrodes were found to be photoelectrochemically stable. However, the onset potential of photocurrent shifted positively with increasing x. Band model of the solid solution was suggested to explain the effects of the vanadium incorporation on the photoelectrochemical properties.     

Numerical simulation of slider dynamics during slider–disk contact

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of pico slider in contact with the disk was calculated. The analysis model consists of a simplified suspension model, an air bearing model, and a slider–disk contact model. The contact model consists of two elements. One is surface roughness model measured by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and the other is micro-waviness model. The dynamic behaviors of the tri-pad slider are calculated at several rotation speeds to investigate slider vibration modes during slider–disk contact. The slider oscillation frequency depends on the rotation speed and it saturates about twice as much as eigen frequency of air bearing pitch mode.     

An improved cryofixation method: cryoquenching of small tissue blocks during microwave irradiation

The metal contact method of rapid freezing is greatly improved by irradiating the specimen with microwaves at 2.45 GHz for a short period of time (50 ms), while pushing the specimen onto the surface of the copper block cooled by liquid N₂. The microwave irradiation, together with two technical improvements (a light-mass plunger and a recently developed β-gel shock absorber) for preventing bounce, produces a good freezing zone for squid retina, with high reproducibility for each experimental trial, extending from the contact surface to a depth of about 15 μm, which is comparable to the depth obtained by the metal contact method using liquid He in the absence of microwave irradiation. A good freezing zone was also experimentally demonstrated in specimens of rat liver and heart muscle. Microwave irradiation does not have appreciable effects on the ultrastructure of squid retina. The mechanism underlying the improvement in the rapid freezing under the microwave irradiation is discussed.     

A 64-Mb DRAM with meshed power line

A 64-Mb dynamic RAM (DRAM) has been developed with a meshed power line (MPL) and a quasi-distributed sense-amplifier driver (qDSAD) scheme. It realizes high speed, t_RAS=50 ns (typical) at V_cc=3.3 V, and 16-b input/output (I/O). This MPL+qDSAD scheme can reduce sensing delay caused by the metal layer resistance. Furthermore, to suppress crosstalk noise, a V_SS shield peripheral layout scheme has been introduced, which also widens power line widths. This 64-Mb DRAM was fabricated with 0.4-μm CMOS technology using KrF excimer laser lithography. A newly developed memory cell structure, the tunnel-shaped stacked-capacitor cell (TSSC), was adapted to this 64-Mb DRAM     

Proposal for st-Routing Protocol

A routing protocol chooses one of the several paths (routes) from a source node to a destination node in the computer network, to send a packet of information. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, which we call st-routing protocol, based on st-numbering of a graph. The protocol fits well in noisy environments where robustness of routing using alternative paths is a major issue. The proposed routing protocol provides a systematic way to retry alternative paths without generating any duplicate packets. The protocol works for only those networks that can be represented by biconnected graphs.     

Application of boundary element method to 3-D problems of coupled thermoelasticity

This paper deals with a new boundary element method for analysis of the quasistatic problems in coupled thermoelasticity. Through some mathematical manipulation of the Navier equation in elasticity, the heat conduction equation is transformed into a simpler form, similar to the uncoupled-type equation with the modified thermal conductivity which shows the coupling effects. This procedure enables us to treat the coupled thermoelastic problems as an uncoupled one, A few examples are computed by the proposed BEM, and the results obtained are compared with the analytical ones available in the literature, whereby the accuracy and versatility of the proposed method are demonstrated.     

REM sleep deprivation potentiates the effects of imipramine and desipramine but not that of clomipramine in the forced swimming test

The human amnestic syndrome associated with lesions of the hippocampus and amygdala is characterized by a selective impairment of recent (explicit, episodic) memory. Benzodiazepine (BZ) treated normal subjects demonstrate similar, marked impairments in episodic memory, but in addition, BZ also induces sedation and inattention. Thus, the amnestic effects of BZ may be secondary to drug-induced sedation. However, when subjects were pretreated with the specific BZ receptor antagonist, flumazenil, the sedative and attentional effects of diazepam were blocked, but a marked impairment in episodic memory still occurred. This demonstrates that, using neuropharmacological methods, it is possible to produce a dissociation of memory impairment from inattention and sedation. Such distinct patterns of cognitive dysfunction may serve as models for clinical cognitive syndromes.     

Syntheses and structural properties of four Rb-aluminosilicate zeolites

Four types of Rb-aluminosilicate zeolites were hydrothermally synthesized in pure phase for the first time from Rb-aluminosilicate gels without using any organic structure-directing agent (SDA) under stirring conditions. The crystal structure of each zeolite was refined by Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. These crystal structures were confirmed to be Rb-mordenite, Rb-merlinoite, a new aluminosilicate zeolite with an ATT framework topology, and Rb-offretite denoted by RMA-1, RMA-2, RMA-3, and RMA-4, respectively. The Si/Al ratio of RMA-1 with an MOR topology varied from 5.3 to 8.0; however, the variation of the Si/Al ratios of the other zeolites was rather small. The crystal system of RMA-2 was tetragonal with space group I4/mmm, where two Rb sites were distributed at the center of an 8-membered ring (MR). On the other hand, two Rb sites in RMA-3 were located at the center of the 8-MR in small two cages. The structure of RMA-4 was identified as the OFF type with a local disorder or defect, which included a small amount of an intergrown ERI phase.