Structural approach to the estimation of the number of residualsoftware faults based on the hyper-geometric distribution

Models based on the hyper-geometric distribution for estimating the number of residual software faults are proposed. The application of the basic model shows that its fit to real data is good. Two ways of improving the model, using a segmentation technique and composite estimation, respectively, are shown. The segmentation technique appears quite effective, particularly when the growth curve of the cumulative number of detected faults bends sharply. The applications of these models to real data are demonstrated     

Norepinephrine stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in GT1-1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal cell lines

The GT1-1 GnRH neuronal cell lines exhibit highly differentiated properties of GnRH neurons. We have used GT1-1 cells to study the roles of norepinephrine (NE), membrane depolarization, calcium influx, and phorbol esters in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. NE, which is known to stimulate the release of GnRH, induced MAP kinase activity, the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase, and MAP kinase kinase activity. Forskolin led to activation of MAP kinase comparable with that induced by NE, and a selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, H8, attenuated the NE-induced activation of MAP kinase. On the other hand, elimination of extracellular calcium by EGTA completely blocked NE-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase, and a selective inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, KN-62, attenuated the NE-induced activation of MAP kinase. Furthermore, depolarization of GT1-1 cells with 75 mM KCl, 10 microM BayK 8644, or 1 microM calcium ionophore (A23187) induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase. The omission of calcium from the extracellular medium completely abolished these effects of tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) also induced MAP kinase activity, but pretreatment of the cultured cells with PMA to down-regulate protein kinase C did not abolish the activation of MAP kinase by NE. In addition, although phosphorylation of Raf-1 kinase was stimulated by PMA, this phosphorylation was not induced by either NE or A23187. These results demonstrate that NE activates MAP kinase directly in GT1-1 cells, and that the effect of NE is mediated by increase in the cAMP level and by calcium influx, but not by PMA-sensitive protein kinase C or Raf-1 kinase.     

Synthesis of a biologically active fluorescent derivative of GM1, a main Ginseng saponin metabolite formed by intestinal bacteria

PURPOSE: Prosthodontic components for implant treatment have been developed with minimal reported scientific investigation. This paper aims to highlight a number of problems caused by this approach to the development and marketing of prosthodontic components and to suggest solutions. CONCLUSION: Prosthodontic components must be developed with a scientific approach that involves both laboratory and clinical testing so as to optimize treatment outcomes in the future.     

The tensile properties of an Fe-4 pct Mo-0.2 pct C martensite tempered under applied stress

In Fe-4 pct Mo-0.2 pct C martensite which is a typical secondary hardening steel, premature failure o°Curred in tensile test at 600 °C to 700°C where solute atoms could diffuse easily. To clarify this phenomenon, the quenched specimens were tempered under applied stress and tensile-tested at room temperature. The following results were obtained: (1) Typical intergranular fracture was observed in specimens tempered in a temperature range of 600 °C to 650 °C with tempering times of five minutes to 10 minutes and applied stress (70 MPa to 140 MPa). (2) Based on Auger analysis, this phenomenon was considered to be caused by segregation of P, S, and Mo on prior austenite grain boundaries due to applied stress. (3) The direction of applied stress was found to be very significant. Namely, when the tensile direction was parallel to the applied stress during tempering, the specimen was more brittle, and when tensile direction was normal to the applied stress, the specimen was not so brittle. (4) To reduce this embrittlement, solution treatment temperature was adjusted, and it was found that the embrittlement was considerably reduced both in specimens with fine prior austenite grains and with some ferrite phase on prior austenite grain boundaries. TAKATOSHI OGAWA, formerly with Kyoto University. YOSHIFUMI OHMURA, formerly with Kyoto University. This paper is based on a presentation made at the “pcter G. Winchell Symposium on Tempering of Steel” held at the Louisville Meeting of The Metallurgical Society of AIME, October 12-13, 1981, under the sponsorship of the TMS-AIME Ferrous Metallurgy and Heat Treatment Committees.     

Characterization of Pseudomonas paucimobilis FP2001 which forms flagella depending upon the presence of rhamnose in liquid medium

A bacterial strain FP2001 isolated from the exudate of land reclaimed for municipal waste was identified as Pseudomonas paucimobilis. Cells of strain FP2001 were mobile by means of polar monotrichous flagellum, only when rhamnose was added as a carbon source in the liquid medium. The replacement of rhamnose by arabinose, galactose, glucose or xylose did not lead to the formation of flagella.     

New approach to the steady state stability analysis of synchronousmachines

A novel method for steady state stability analysis of synchronous machines is presented. The method is based on a novel swing equation, which is a second-order, nonlinear differential equation. Two steady-state stability criteria can be derived by evaluating the eigenvalues of a linearized version of the new equation, one of which is for step-out instability and the other for hunting. Although these two instabilities have mostly been discussed independently so far, this approach makes it possible to handle the two instabilities on a common basis     

Properties of highly cross-linked autopolymerizing reline acrylic resins

The purpose of this ex vivo study was to determine if severe malnutrition increases the frequency of micronuclei in spleen lymphocytes of experimentally malnourished rats during lactation. Micronucleus frequencies were analyzed in binucleate cells produced by the cytokinesis block method. The overall micronucleus frequency was significantly higher in binucleate cells from malnourished rats (21.30/1000) as compared to that observed in control rats (11.50/1000). The number of binucleate cells with more than one micronucleus was also higher in malnourished rats than in controls (3.10/1000 vs. 1.20/1000). These results indicate that severe malnutrition produces cellular damage in vivo, as was evidenced by the increased micronucleus frequency in rat spleen lymphocytes in vitro. This damage may produce negative effects for the further development of the organism, since the spleen is an important lymphopoietic organ in rodents.     

A high-level Petri net for goal-directed semantics of Horn clauselogic

A new high level Petri net (HLPN) model is introduced as a graphical syntax for Horn clause logic (HCL) programs. We call these nets: Horn clause logic goal directed nets (HCLGNs). It is shown that there is a bijection between the queried definite programs and the class of HCLGNs. In addition, a visualization of SLD resolution is realized through the enabling and firing rules and net markings. The correctness of these rules with respect to SLD resolution is also proven. We model SLD refutations and failing computations. It is shown how HCLGNs can be used to model built in atoms and provide a new AND/OR parallel execution model. Recently, several software packages (graphical editors) have become available for editing and executing HLPNs. The simulation capabilities of the HLPN software offer opportunities to perform automated, interactive code walk throughs and also have potential for providing a framework for visual debugging environments. However, HCLGNs differ from the major classes of HLPNs for which software tools have been developed in primarily two ways: the tokens in the markings can have variables; and the firing of a transition may not only update the marking of the adjacent places, but may instantiate variables in tokens in the markings of places that are non adjacent to the fired transition. Thus, the existing packages can only provide graphical syntax editing and are not appropriate for graphical simulation of HCLGNs. We provide an algebraic characterization of HCLGNs that can serve as a design guideline for implementing HCLGNs