Development of a dual‐lamp projector with higher brightness

Stationary projectors mainly used in system applications have recently gained a wider application range, including general presentations in halls and large conference rooms and being used, for example, in digital signage and for monitoring purposes. Consequently, they are required to meet new market demands for durability, reliability, and flexibility in installation in addition to their conventional basic performance such as especially high brightness. To achieve especially high brightness, a new optical system with two lamps is proposed; the profile of the cover glass that prevents the glass from scattering is made aspherical, the profile of the beam‐combining mirror is improved with its position optimized, and the size of the incident plane of the integrator rod is made larger (1.1 times). These measures resulted in an optical system of an even higher efficiency with 7000 lm, which is the highest in its class (according to a June 2010 investigation). Also, the arrangement of two parallel lamps completely eliminated the effect of heat passing from one lamp to the other, which helped secure durability, reliability, and flexibility in installation. Furthermore, the combined use of the unique non‐telecentric optical system, adopted from the conventional single‐lamp model, helps maintain the class‐highest contrast ratio.^1,2     

Thermal conductivity of a dendritic ice layer

Measurements of the thermal conductivities of the frozen layer of aqueous binary solutions have been performed using the transient hot-wire method. Solutions of ethylene glycol and sodium chloride were utilized as the testing fluids, and they were frozen up in the test section in which the platinum wires 40 m in diameter and 170 mm in length were strung. Measurements were carried out under equilibrium at a variety of both the initial concentration of the solution and the temperature of the frozen layer. The expressions of the thermal conductivity of the frozen layer were determined. It was found that the thermal conductivity of the dendritic ice layer was favorably assessed with the Lichteneker's model by introducing the solid fraction under an assumption of the equililbrium within the range of parameters examined.Paper presented at the Tenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 20–23, 1988, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.     

"Pored-domes" of the fenestrated endotheliocyte of the glomerular and peritubular capillaries in the rodent kidney.

The fenestrated endotheliocyte of peritubular and glomerular capillaries in rat and mouse kidneys were observed with SEM and TEM. In the glomerular capillary, so-called "pored-domes" were found not only at the fenestrated areolae but also at the nuclear region of the endotheliocyte. At the region between filtration surface and nuclear region, they accumulated to construct a sponge-like structure. The endotheliocyte of peritubular capillary also showed small "pored-domes". The size and morphology of the pores in the "pored-domes" of glomerular and peritubular capillaries were similar to those of areolae fenestratae of the respective capillary. Based on the findings, we assumed that pored-domes and the sponge-like structure are the reservoir for the fenestrated area of the endotheliocyte to accommodate the rapid expansion of capillary lumen.     

Properties of Va metal-B films prepared by r.f.-sputtering

Ta_100-x B _x alloy films were prepared by r.f.-sputtering in the chemical composition range 45 x 77. Ta_100-x B _x (45 x 58) films consist of the amorphous phase, while the TaB₂ crystal phase was observed in Ta_100-x B _x (66 x 77) films. A remarkable preferred orientation with the (001) plane of TaB₂ parallel to the film surface was observed in Ta₃₄B₆₆. The d.c. electrical conductivity of Ta_100-x B _x (45 x 77) films decreases with increasing boron content in the range 6.7 × 10³ to 1.3 × 10^3–1 cm^–1. The micro-Vickers hardness of Ta_100-x B _x (45 x 77) films was in the range 2200 to 2600 kg mm^–2.     

Preparation of Co-N films by rf-sputtering

Co-N films in the wide compositional range can be prepared by reactive sputtering. Co-N sputtered films consist of one or two phases, such as CoN, Co₂N, Co₃N, Co₄N and -Co. Co₄N phase with a cubic unit cell is observed, and its lattice constant isa = 0.3586 nm. The preferred orientation is observed on the Co-N films, CoN (200) plane, Co₄N (1 1 1) plane and -Co (002) plane parallel to the film surface, respectively. Saturation magnetization _s of Co-N sputtered film decreases from 160 to 1.7 e.m.u. g^–1 with increasing content of N from 0 to 21.7 at%, and coercive force_I H _c is the range of 43 to 5000e at room temperature.     

Alzheimer’s Disease Animal Models: Elucidation of Biomarkers and Therapeutic Approaches for Cognitive Impairment

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is widely accepted that AD is mainly caused by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles. Aβ begins to accumulate years before the onset of cognitive impairment, suggesting that the benefit of currently available interventions would be greater if they were initiated in the early phases of AD. To understand the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, various transgenic mouse models with an accelerated accumulation of Aβ and tau tangles have been developed. However, none of these models exhibit all pathologies present in human AD. To overcome these undesirable phenotypes, APP knock-in mice, which were presented with touchscreen-based tasks, were developed to better evaluate the efficacy of candidate therapeutics in mouse models of early-stage AD. This review assesses several AD mouse models from the aspect of biomarkers and cognitive impairment and discusses their potential as tools to provide novel AD therapeutic approaches.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Micro Mechanisms in Slip Deformation Theory of Crystals

Based on the discussion that there should be a micromechanism that causes a macroscopic slip of mono-crystal copper, molecular dynamics simulations with the analytical displacement feld around a crack tip have been carried out. The result of the simulation shows that macroscopic shear slip in an f.c.c. mono-crystal copper occurs as discrete time events. This is because cross-slips occur in many places in a material such that a macroscopic shear slip is blocked until some critical state of deformation. A macroscopic shear slip then occurs suddenly at the critical state in which the area of disordered atomic arrangement has stretched from one end of a crystal to the other end. The reason why macroscopic shear slips occur in the directions of the slip planes of a crystal is attributed to the fact that the areas of disordered atomic arrangement develop only along those directions.     

Direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl ester over Al-Mg composite oxide catalyst

For the purpose of estimating the reaction mechanism of the direct ethoxylation of a fatty ester in the presence of an Al-Mg composite oxide catalyst, a labeled fatty methyl ester C₁₁H₂₃CO¹⁸OCH₃ containing ¹⁸O isotope was synthesized and directly ethoxylated. The product was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS spectra showed that the ¹⁸O isotope label was present only in the methoxy group at the molecular end of the ethoxylated fatty methyl ester. This supports the reaction mechanism of coordination anionic polymerization where the bond between the acyl and methoxy groups of the fatty methyl ester molecule was broken, caused by the bifunctional effect of the acid-base active sites; an intermediate chemisorption species was formed; and then ethylene oxide was addition-polymerized sequentially, in parallel.     

A Practical Model for the Interactions Between Hydrating Portland Cements and Poly-β-Naphthalene Sulfonate Condensate Superplasticizers

The performance of poly-β-naphthalene sulfonate condensate superplasticizer (BNS) as a dispersant for cement in concrete is affected severely by slight differences in the characteristics of the cement. In order to be able to predict these effects, a model for estimating the fluidity of cement paste containing BNS is proposed. This model is based on an assumption that the fluidity of cement paste is proportional to the BNS adsorption amount per surface area of hydrated cement (Ad/Hy). BNS is known to show two types of sorption on hydrated cement: one is the bulk absorption into initial hydrates and the other one is the superficial adsorption onto hydrates. Only the superficially adsorbed BNS is expected to work as a dispersant. By assuming a competitive Langmuir-type adsorption on hydrates between BNS and SO₄²⁻, a simple method to estimate Ad/Hy is developed, with the concentrations of BNS and SO₄²⁻ as the only two independent parameters. The resulting estimates of Ad/Hy show a good correlation with paste flow and its change with elapsed time for a broad range of cements. The SO₄²⁻ concentration in the aqueous phase of the cement paste just after the beginning of the mixing is known to affect the performance of BNS as a dispersant. By using the proposed model to discriminate between the superficial adsorption and bulk absorption of BNS, this phenomenon is explained quantitatively.     

Junction properties of polypyrrole containing a small amount of poly(ethylene oxide) with indium

A method to generate a porous region near the surface of a polymer is suggested. In this method the region near the surface is swollen by immersing the polymer for a short time in a solvent. Subsequently, the polymer is introduced in a nonsolvent (for the polymer) that is, however, miscible with the solvent. The formation of the porous region is a result of (1) the swelling accompanied by the disentanglement of the surface molecular chains, and the dissolution of some of them during the immersion in the solvent, and (2) the rapid extraction of the solvent from the swollen region by the nonsolvent. The porous surface provides a matrix into which a second incompatible monomer can be polymerized so that the two otherwise incompatible polymers can adhere to one another.