黄曲霉对不同含水量新疆鲜食核桃活性氧代谢的影响

以新疆“新2”薄皮核桃为材料,无菌水接种为对照组,探究人工接种从自然霉变核桃上分离纯化出的黄曲霉菌后不同含水量的鲜食核桃活性氧代谢相关酶的变化规律。结果表明,不同含水量的鲜食核桃遭受到黄曲霉侵染后,在侵染前期,各含水量的鲜食核桃体内活性氧迅速累积,酶促清除系统被激活,不同的抗氧化酶为抵御病原微生物的侵染活性开始有明显的升高并达到峰值,但随着侵染时间的延长,酶促清除系统清除活性氧的能力减弱,活性氧的大量积累导致果实细胞膜结构被破坏,加快了其老化、腐烂。黄曲霉侵染含水量25%的鲜食核桃时,酶促清除系统的抗氧化酶活性明显高于其他含水量的鲜食核桃。     

Nonlinear control for rotational movement of cart-pendulum system using homoclinic orbit

In this paper, we deal with the control method for rotational movements of a pendulum using a separatrix. We design a controller that attains a homoclinic motion or a heteroclinic motion of the pendulum and the asymptotic stability of the cart by using a kind of forwarding control design. First, we derive a controller that converges to a homoclinic orbit via a Lyapunov function of the pendulum subsystem. Next, we give a nonlinear stabilizing controller via another Lyapunov function of the cart subsystem. Moreover, using the third Lyapunov function and adding a complementary control input, we guarantee that the pendulum converges to the homoclinic orbit and the cart is stabilized. Finally, the simulation and the experiment using the rapid controller prototyping system based on MATLAB/Simulink are performed to demonstrate the forward upward circling and the giant swing of the pendulum.     

啤酒酵母吸附重金属离子铬的研究

将啤酒酵母自制成生物吸附剂，用于吸附重金属离子铬，考察了啤酒酵母吸附Cr^3＋过程中的影响因素，即pH值、初始Cr^3＋质量浓度、吸附时间、菌体浓度及酸碱预处理方法等因素。结果表 明，啤酒酵母对Cr^3＋的吸附量随pH值的增加而增大，吸附的最佳pH值范围是4～7，当pH7时达到吸附最大值；随着初始Cr^3＋质量浓度增加，吸附量有所提高，当溶液初始Cr^3＋质量浓度为80mg／L吸附效果最佳；最佳吸附时间为1h；菌体的最佳浓度为50mg／L；及啤酒酵母经碱处理后吸附量增大：正交试验确定反应时间为反应过程的显著因素，确定啤酒酵母对Cr^3＋的吸附过程遵循Langmuir方程。     

Characterization of petroleum-degrading bacteria from oil-contaminated sites in Vietnam

Four petroleum-degrading bacterial strains, 2TN-NB, 6TBX-CL, MVK2-5, and XCK, were isolated from various oil-contaminated sites in Vietnam. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding 16S rRNA allowed 2TN-NB to be identified as Acinetobacter sp. and the other three stains as Pseudomonas sp. Among the four isolates, 2TN-NB was most effective in degrading crude oil: in 1 d, it degraded 95% of the crude oil in the culture medium (5%, v/v). The isolated strains could also degrade a sulfur-containing aromatic hydrocarbon, dibenzothiophene (DBT), with low efficiency. Except for MVK2-5, which degraded crude oil least efficiently, the isolates produced biosurfactants in amounts sufficient for structural analysis. FT-IR measurement suggested that strains 6TBX-CL and XCK produced glycolipid-type biosurfactants while that produced by 2TN-NB was of the polysaccharide type.     

Infrared study of catalytic reduction of lean NOx with alcohols over alumina-supported silver catalyst

Two intense IR absorption bands due to surface isocyanate (-NCO) species have been observed at 2262 and 2232 cm^–1 when an alumina-supported silver catalyst is exposed to a mixture of NO, O₂ and ethanol at 150°C and subsequently heated to > 300°C in vacuum. The intensity of the isocyanate band is hardly affected by the water existing in the mixture. Methanol is less reactive than ethanol for the formation of isocyanate species. The reaction mechanism of catalytic reduction of lean NOx with alcohols is discussed based on these IR spectroscopic findings.     

Heterogeneous nucleation of organic vapours on a cold substrate

The heterogeneous phase transition of the organic vapours, cyclohexane and p-xylene, on a cold substrate was observed by cooling the substrate at a slow rate under reduced pressure conditions. Either organic vapour at a vapour pressure lower than 130 Pa formed directly solid crystals but p-xylene vapour at a higher vapour pressure formed liquid condensates with subsequent formation of solid crystals. The dependence of the critical supersaturation ratios on the critical temperatures and the physical properties of the organic vapours has been clarified by the equation derived on the basis of classical nucleation theory.     

Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate adsorption and surface speciation at the hematite--water interface

Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate [As(V)] reactivity and surface speciation at the hematite-water interface were studied as a function of pH and two different partial pressures of carbon dioxide gas [P(CO2) = 10(-3.5) atm and approximately 0; CO2-free argon (Ar)] using adsorption kinetics, pseudo-equilibrium adsorption/titration experiments, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic (EXAFS) analyses, and surface complexation modeling. Different adsorbed carbonate concentrations, due to the two different atmospheric systems, resulted in an enhanced and/or suppressed extent of As(V) adsorption. As(V) adsorption kinetics [4 g L(-1), [As(V)]0 = 1.5 mM and I = 0.01 M NaCl] showed carbonate-enhanced As(V) uptake in the air-equilibrated systems at pH 4 and 6 and at pH 8 after 3 h of reaction. Suppressed As(V) adsorption was observed in the air-equilibrated system in the early stages of the reaction at pH 8. In the pseudo-equilibrium adsorption experiments [1 g L(-1), [As(V)]0 = 0.5 mM and I = 0.01 M NaCI], in which each pH value was held constant by a pH-stat apparatus, effects of dissolved carbonate on As(V) uptake were almost negligible at equilibrium, but titrant (0.1 M HCl) consumption was greater in the air-equilibrated systems (P(CO2) = 10(-3.5) atm) than in the CO2-free argon system at pH 4-7.75. The EXAFS analyses indicated that As(V) tetrahedral molecules were coordinated on iron octahedral via bidentate mononuclear ( 2.8 A) and bidentate binuclear (approximately equal to 3.3 A) bonding at pH 4.5-8 and loading levels of 0.46-3.10 microM m(-2). Using the results of the pseudo-equilibrium adsorption data and the XAS analyses, the pH-dependent As(V) adsorption under the P(CO2) = 10(-3.5) atm and the CO2-free argon system was modeled using surface complexation modeling, and the results are consistent with the formation of nonprotonated bidentate surface species at the hematite surfaces. The results also suggest that the acid titrant consumption was strongly affected by changes to electrical double-layer potentials caused by the adsorption of carbonate in the air-equilibrated system. Overall results suggest that the effects of dissolved carbonate on As(V) adsorption were influenced by the reaction conditions [e.g., available surface sites, initial As(V) concentrations, and reaction times]. Quantifying the effects of adsorbed carbonate may be important in predicting As(V) transport processes in groundwater, where iron oxide-coated aquifer materials are exposed to seasonally fluctuating partial pressures of CO2(g).     

A Phylogenetic Analysis of Saccharomyces Species by the Sequence of 18S–28S rRNA Spacer Regions

Sequences of two internally transcribed spacer regions between 18S and 28S rRNA genes were determined to assess the phylogenetic relationship in the strains belonging to the genus Saccharomyces. The sequences of S. bayanus and S. pastorianus were quite similar, but not identical. Two phylogenetic trees constructed by the neighbor-joining method showed that all the species examined were distinguished from one another. The Saccharomyces sensu stricto species: S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. paradoxus and S. pastorianus, were closely related and far from the Saccharomyces sensu lato species including S. barnetti, S. castellii, S. dairensis, S. exiguus, S. servazzii, S. spencerorum and S. unisporus, and an outlying species, S. kluyveri. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

影响啤酒酵母菌吸附铅离子条件的研究

采用啤酒酵母自制生物吸附剂用于吸附金属铅离子,考察了pH值、反应时间、酵母浓度及金属离子浓度对啤酒酵母吸附Pb2 的影响.单因素实验结果表明,当pH值为5.0、溶液初始Pb2 浓度为80 mg·L-1、啤酒酵母的浓度为1.0 g·L-1、反应时间为0.5 h时,吸附效果最佳.通过正交实验,确定初始Pb2 浓度为反应过程中的显著因素.