Inferior-good and Giffen-good effects in monkey choice behavior.

In Experiment 1, two monkeys chose on a trials basis between a large, bitter pellet and a small, standard pellet in 1-hr sessions. During low-income conditions, produced by having a 60-s or 70-s intertrial interval, the large, bitter pellet was generally preferred. This preference reversed during the high-income conditions, which were produced by reducing the intertrial interval to 15 s. The drop in consumption of large, bitter pellets as income increased defines this food as an inferior good. In Experiment 2, the high-income choice procedure was altered by making pellet delivery probabilistic. When the price of the bitter-tasting pellet was increased by decreasing its probability of delivery, both monkeys chose more of it, measured either by choices or by pellets delivered; when the price of the bitter pellet was decreased, monkeys chose less of it. These results fulfill the conditions for what economists call a Giffen good. Although the results of Experiments 1 and 2 cannot be explained in terms of most psychological accounts of choice, they are interpretable in terms of economics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Oxygen Configuration in the Superconductor (Hg0.7Mo0.3)Sr2(Ca1?xRx)Cu2Oz (R = Nd and Pr)

Two series of Hg-based oxides (Hg_0.7Mo_0.3)Sr₂(Ca_1–x R _x )Cu₂O _z (R = Nd and Pr, 0.2 x 0.7) have been synthesized. Electrical-resistivity measurements show that these compounds are superconductors with maximum onset T _c of 107 and 102 K for Nd- and Pr-containing samples, respectively. The neutron powder diffraction experiments on both as-prepared and O₂-annealed samples of R = Nd revealed that the O(3) site at the HgO sheets are fully occupied and shifted towards the Hg/Mo site to form Mo–O bonds.     

Effect of an additionally introduced degQ gene on di-d-fructofuranosyl 2,6′:2′,6 anhydride (DFA IV) production by recombinant Bacillus subtilis in a single culture production system

Di-d-fructofuranosyl 2,6′:2′,6 anhydride (DFA IV) was produced directly from sucrose using a single culture of recombinant Bacillus subtilis 168 carrying the levan fructotransferase (lft) gene. In this study, three plasmids carrying the degQ36 gene, which is a degQ allele of B. subtilis (degQ36) with a degQ36 mutation on its promoter, were constructed to overproduce intact DegQ in B. subtilis 168. The transformant B. subtilis/pHT-D36 (with the degQ36 gene) consumed sucrose and produced levan at a higher rate than B. subtilis/pHT43 (without the degQ36 gene). The transformant B. subtilis/pLFT-GD36, carrying the lft and degQ36 genes, also consumed sucrose at a higher rate and produced more DFA IV than B. subtilis/pLFT-G, carrying the lft but without the degQ36 gene. B. subtilis/pLFT-GD36 produced 43.5 g/l of DFA IV and consumed 240 g/l of sucrose (96% of added sucrose) by 72 h of cultivation, whereas B. subtilis/pLFT-G produced 23.4 g/l of DFA IV with 76.9 g/l of sucrose still remaining in the system. Sucrose-inducible expression vectors were also constructed, which made it possible to produce DFA IV without IPTG induction. Using these vectors, sucrose consumption rates were enhanced and DFA IV production was increased upon introduction of the degQ36 gene. From these results, it can be concluded that the additionally introduced regulatory gene, degQ, was able to stimulate sucrose conversion to levan, and therefore increased DFA IV production in this system.     

Pediococcus pentosaceus NB-17 for probiotic use

The plant-derived Pediococcus pentosaceus NB-17 was isolated from Japanese traditional vegetable pickles. The production of cytokines from mouse spleen cells co-cultivated with heat-killed bacteria was investigated in vitro. The bacteria significantly induced secretion levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-12 p70, and suppressed IL-4 productions in ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized mouse spleen cells. Therefore, the bacteria could effectively stimulate immune activities and showed allergic inhibitory effects. Further study on acid tolerance was performed under simulated gastric conditions and NB-17 showed resistance to simulated gastric acidity at pH 3.0 and pH 2.5. Moreover, after oral administration of the intact cells to rats, bacterial colonies derived from feces were analyzed by random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD). It was confirmed that the administered strain NB-17 remained alive in feces. These results suggest the possibility to use the P. pentosaceus NB-17 as functional foods.     

Detection of recombinant DNA from genetically modified papaya

A method using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect the genetically modified (GM) papaya (55-1 line), of which the mandatory safety assessment has not been finished in Japan because of insufficient data. The papaya intrinsic papain gene was used as an internal control. The results of PCR amplification of the papain gene segment indicated that a commercial silica membrane type kit (QIAGEN DNeasy plant mini) was useful for extraction of DNA from papaya fruit, but not for extraction from canned papaya fruit. On the other hand, a commercial ion-exchange type kit (QIAGEN Genomic-tip) provided enough purified DNA for PCR from canned papaya fruit. Compared with the parental line and other commercial non-GM papayas, the DNA from GM papaya fruit provided specific amplification bands in PCR with five primer pairs (Nos. 2-6) including beta-glucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II gene-specific ones. On the other hand, the primer pairs recognizing these genes showed false-positive results when we used DNAs from canned papaya. Therefore, we recommend that the primer pairs (Nos. 5 and 6) recognizing the sequences derived from two different species of organism should be used in order to detect specifically the GM papaya in canned fruits.     

Enzymatic synthesis of Mycoplasma fermentans specific glycoglycerophospholipid from 1,2-dipalmitoylglycerol

A gene, mf3, encoding glycosyltransferase in glycoglycerophospholipid (GGPL; GGPL-I and GGPL-III) biosynthesis in Mycoplasma fermentans PG18 was identified by genomic analysis, cloned, modified codon usage, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The mf3 gene consists of an open reading frame of 1221 bp encoding 406 amino acids. The mf3 gene product, Mf3, has 27% amino acid homology with glycosyltransferase of Borrelia burgdorferi but no homology to genes of other Mycoplasma species in the GenBank database. The reaction product of Mf3 using 1,2-dipalmitoilglycerol and UDP-glucose as substrates showed a specific sodium adducted ion at m/z 753, which corresponded to glucopyranosyl dipalmitoilglycerol as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Furthermore, in the reaction product by Mf3 and Mf1 which was a cholinephosphotransferase and previously cloned from M. fermentans PG18, an ion at m/z 896 corresponding to GGPL-I was detected by mass spectrometry. The product ions of choline, phosphocholine, and hexose-bound phosphocholine were detected by tandem MS analysis of protonated molecules at m/z 896. From these results, mf3 was identified as a glycosyltransferase. It was suggested that glucose transfer and phosphocholine transfer to 1,2-dipalmitoylglycerol are involved in the GGPL biosynthesis pathway of M. fermentans PG18.     

Improvement of isoamyl acetate productivity in sake yeast by isolating mutants resistant to econazole

Sake yeast strains were improved so as to produce larger amounts of isoamyl acetate than the parental strain by isolating econazole-resistant mutants. Econazole, an imidazole antimycotic, directly interacts with unsaturated fatty acids in the yeast cell membrane, where it also inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol and decreases the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. In contrast, alcohol acetyltransferase (AATase), which catalyzes the synthesis of isoamyl acetate, is inhibited by unsaturated fatty acids. Fifty econazole-resistant mutants were isolated from a sake yeast, Kyokai no. 701, several of which produced approximately 1.4 to 2.4 times more isoamyl acetate and an almost equal amount of isoamyl alcohol compared with the parental strain. The AATase activities of the mutants in koji extract were 1.2 to 1.4 times higher, and the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios were lower, than in the parental strain.     

Water/Oil Emulsions Prepared by the Membrane Emulsification Method and Their Stability

We developed and tested a simple method to measure dispersed droplet size of W/O emulsions. Then, using a microporous glass membrane treated with oil phase, we produced a W/O emulsion with high water content (40% w/w) at a high emulsification rate by the membrane emulsification method, and assessed its stability. In comparison with emulsions by the stirring methods, variations in dispersed droplet size and viscosity of emulsions by membrane method were small and the emulsions were more stable. Droplet size was not related to the stability of the W/O emulsion prepared by membrane emulsification.     

Evaluation of Milk Quality in Delivering Sterilized Milk with Soft Tank Transportation System

ABSTRACT:  A new transportation system is proposed recently to improve the defects of liquid transportation by tank trucks. This method is called "soft tank transportation system"; a driver installs a sac-like container (soft tank), which is made from a tarpaulin with high-pressure resistant-waterproof zippers, in a general cargo vehicle. To evaluate the quality of sterilized milk by using the soft tank transportation system, ground and marine transportation for a long distance which took about 36 h from the shipper's loading to the receiver's unloading in a high-temperature summer season (average outside temperature was 33.4 °C) were carried out. Although the difference of milk temperature before and after the delivery varied from −0.7 to +1.4 °C, there was no difference in milk quality (fat, nonfat solids, total dissolved solids, and pH) and no coliform bacteria were detected. It can be evaluated that sterilized milk was carried in keeping good conditions by soft tank transportation system.