Intermolecular Interaction of [60]Fullerene with Tröger's Base Analogues

Tröger's base (TB, 1) and its analogues were synthesized and were subject to the titration experiments to evaluate their ability of supramolecular complexation with C₆₀. Results demonstrate clearly that the fluorene-based TB analogue (2) and the bioctylfluorene-based TB analogue (3) show 1:1 binding with C₆₀ to form the corresponding complexes while TB 1 does not. Titration experiments exhibited that the association constant (K_ass) of 3/C₆₀ (48.1 ± 7.9 M ^?1) was larger than that of 2/C₆₀ (13.7 ± 1.4 M ^?1)_. The formation of the 1:1 binding complexes 2/C₆₀ and 3/C₆₀ was also confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Theoretical calculations suggest that 2 and 3 have appropriate cavities to embrace C₆₀. These findings indicate that not only the π/π interaction between the fluorene moieties and the C₆₀ surface but also the CH/π interaction between the octyl groups and the C₆₀ surface serve efficiently in the supramolecular complexation with C₆₀.     

CFD analysis of a high‐speed unsteady jet

The flow of a high‐speed unsteady jet is analyzed using computational fluid dynamics for an incompressible flow with the k–ε turbulence model. The pseudo‐nozzle concept is applied to the inlet condition with a large pressure gradient. The results show that the time history of the jet development agrees with the experimental data for methane and hydrogen fuels. In addition, the effect of the injection condition on the development of the jet tip is well described with this model. Furthermore, the effects of inlet conditions of the turbulence intensity and scale on the flow are investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(1): 1– 12, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20141     

Optical properties of C60/a-C superlattice structures for solar cell applications

C₆₀/amorphous carbon superlattice structures were fabricated by shutter-controlled molecular beam deposition. The periodic structure of resulted films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. From the UV–vis reflectance/transmittance measurements, the energy shift of absorption edge was observed in the superlattice structures as a function of their well width. The carbon-based superlattice structure is the useful technique to control the band gap energy of carbon materials.     

Liquefaction and dechlorination of hydrothermally treated waste mixture containing plastics with glass powder

Additive effects of glass powder upon the product yields and chlorine distribution after liquefaction of hydrothermally pretreated mixed waste (HMW) are compared with liquefaction of HMW with any one of water, quartz sand, or glass powder plus water. As a result, addition of either water or quartz sand did not affect liquefaction and dechlorination of HMW. Further, water (5 g) addition did not enhance liquefaction and dechlorination of HMW with glass powder. On the other hand, after liquefaction of HMW with glass powder, the yields of chlorine in the gas and water insoluble constituents decreased and the chlorine yield in the water-soluble constituent increased significantly. Because sodium in glass powder dissolved in a small amount (0.5 g) of water resulted from dehydration of HMW during liquefaction. Further, hydrogen chloride derived from polyvinylchloride in HMW was neutralized by ion exchange between H(+) and Na(+) dissolved in a small amount of water forming NaCl in the Residue (water-soluble) constituent. Therefore, most of chlorine in HMW was removed easily by water extraction of the Residue constituent after liquefaction of HMW with glass powder. Further, upgrading of HMW into the oil constituent was enhanced due to inhibition of production of chlorine containing organic compounds. Accordingly, it was clarified that glass powder was the most effective additive for liquefaction and dechlorination of HMW.     

Nanometer resolution stress measurement of the Si gate using illumination-collection-type scanning near-field Raman spectroscopy with a completely metal-inside-coated pyramidal probe

We have proposed an illumination-collection-type scanning near-field Raman spectroscopy (SNRS) with a completely gold metal-inside-coated (MIC) pyramidal probe without an optical aperture in order to detect the Raman spectra of fine Si devices for local stress measurements. The gold MIC pyramidal probe has been studied to act as a plasmon resonance near-field optical probe with high power using a finite differential time domain (FDTD) simulation and the prototyped SNRS. In the simulation, the propagated optical power can be made available for SNRS. In the experiments, it is clear that the prototyped SNRS enhanced the Si Raman peak signal by plasmon resonance and could measure the Si Raman peak shift by line scanning the Si gate region and the Si active layer. Furthermore, compressive and tensile stresses localized around the Si gate were demonstrated by the Si Raman peak shift with a resolution of about 10 nm. It is clarified that the proposed SNRS has the possibility of detecting the Raman spectra of a local area.     

Coronary sinus pacing initiates counterclockwise atrial flutter while pacing from the low lateral right atrium initiates clockwise atrial flutter. Analysis of episodes of direct initiation of atrial flutter

INTRODUCTION: Rapid atrial pacing in sinus rhythm may directly induce atrial flutter without provoking intervening atrial fibrillation, or initiate atrial flutter indirectly, by a conversion from an episode of transient atrial fibrillation provoked by rapid atrial pacing. The present study was performed to examine whether or not the direct induction of clockwise or counterclockwise atrial flutter was pacing-site (right or left atrium) dependent. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed the mode of direct induction of atrial flutter by rapid atrial pacing. In 46 patients with a history of atrial flutter, rapid atrial pacing with 3 to 20 stimuli (cycle length = 500 - 170 ms) was performed in sinus rhythm to induce atrial flutter from 3 atrial sites, including the high right atrium, the low lateral right atrium, and the proximal coronary sinus, while recording multiple intracardiac electrograms of the atria. Direct induction of atrial flutter by rapid atrial pacing was a rare phenomenon and was documented only 22 times in 15 patients: 3, 11, and 8 times during stimulation, respectively, from the high right atrium, low lateral right atrium, and the proximal coronary sinus. Counterclockwise atrial flutter (12 times) was more frequently induced with stimulation from the proximal coronary sinus than from the low lateral right atrium (8 vs 1, P = .0001); clockwise atrial flutter (10 times) was induced exclusively from the low lateral right atrium (P = .0001 for low lateral right atrium vs proximal coronary sinus, P = .011 for low lateral right atrium vs high right atrium). CONCLUSIONS: Direct induction of either counterclockwise or clockwise atrial flutter was definitively pacing-site dependent; low lateral right atrial pacing induced clockwise, while proximal coronary sinus pacing induced counterclockwise atrial flutter. Anatomic correlation between the flutter circuit and the atrial pacing site may play an important role in the inducibility of counterclockwise or clockwise atrial flutter.     

Interplay Between Vorticity and Chirality Inside the Vortex Core in Chiral p-Wave Superconductors

The vortex core in chiral p-wave superconductors exhibits various properties owing to the interplay between the vorticity and chirality inside the vortex core. In the chiral p-wave superconductors, the site-selective nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate T ^–1 ₁ is theoretically studied inside the vortex core within the framework of the quasiclassical theory of superconductivity. T ^–1 ₁ at the vortex center depends on the sense of the chirality relative to the sense of the magnetic field. The effect of a tilt of the magnetic field upon T ^–1 ₁ is investigated. The effect of the anisotropy in the superconducting gap and the Fermi surface is then investigated. The result is expected to be experimentally observed as a sign of the chiral pairing state in a superconducting material Sr₂RuO₄.     

A series‐connected hybrid triple converter system

This paper proposes a hybrid multiconverter system aiming at a large‐capacity high‐voltage high‐efficiency converter system free from harmonics in its input/output. The system consists of n (n: integer) GTO converters and a single neutral‐point‐clamped IGBT converter connected in series by n + 1 output transformers. The GTO converters operate in a square‐wave switching mode while the IGBT converter operates in a PWM switching mode. The former produces a base part of the resultant output voltage. The latter not only produces an additional part of the resultant output voltage, but offsets the voltage harmonics generated by the GTO converters. A basic voltage control strategy for the hybrid converter system is proposed, and its validity is verified by experimental results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 64–70, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20210