Determination of particle size distribution in a modified hop extract emulsion by electrical resistivity

A procedure has been developed which is suitable for the evaluation of particle size distribution in emulsions of modified hop extracts. A Coulter Counter Model A and a Coulter Counter Model B equipped with a Model M Data Converter were used to assess the weight percent distribution of particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter. The influences of electrolyte concentration, length of analysis, and concentration of the hop extract particles were factors affecting the reproducibility of the study. It was found that identical distribution curves could be obtained with either instrument. The Model B Coulter Counter with the Model M Data Converter is preferred since weight fractions are provided directly and lengthy calculation procedures are eliminated. Coincidence correction on particle counts was unnecessary under the controlled conditions of the analysis.     

The effect of fine grinding of quartz sand and felspar on the properties of semiporcelain

Glass and Ceramics -     

Effect of thermal hysteresis on the gas permeation properties of 6FDA‐based polyimides

The effect of thermal hysteresis on the polymer chain packing and permeation properties of two 6FDA‐based polyimide isomers was investigated. Thermal quenching resulted in a small increase in the fractional free volume of the polyimides with respect to the samples that had been annealed. Quenching from above the glass‐transition temperature also resulted in larger increases in the permeabilities for both 6FDA–6FmDA and 6FDA–6FpDA with respect to annealed samples. Meta‐connected 6FDA–6FmDA exhibited a larger increase in the permeability after quenching than the para‐connected isomer, 6FDA–6FpDA. This larger increase in the permeability for 6FDA–6FmDA may have been due to differences in the effects of the increases in the free volume on the intersegmental resistance to chain motions. Although physical aging over a 3‐month period resulted in a reduction in the permeability of quenched samples of 6FDA–6FpDA, the quenched samples maintained higher permeabilities than the annealed samples. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1174–1182, 2004     

Fluor SOx净化工艺--为俄罗斯绿色环境开发的将SO2转化为元素硫的经济技术

Fluor公司开发的Fluor SO_2净化工艺具有广泛多样的工艺布局,可以通过经济的方式定制脱除烟气中的有害组成。该工艺几乎能去除全部SO_2并减少CO排放。Fluor SO_x净化工艺的主要步骤已在多套工业装置中得到成功的证实。除技术可行、经济合理之外,Fluor SO_x净化工艺不会产生任何有害副产物,也不会遇到与SO_3 有关的腐蚀问题。此外,该工艺生产高纯度可市售的元素硫。论述了Fluor SO_x净化工艺的特征、技术和成本优势、设计和操作的简易性以及实施的便利性。     

On-line process control of a fluidized bed reactor with non-catalytic gas/solid reaction

In a bench-scale, stainless steel reactor, experiments were carried out to investigate fluidized bed behavior by means of on-line process control. The non-catalytic thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate to sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water was used a model reaction. The experimental equipment was provided with control systems and reulating units which were connected to a PDP 11/40 computer by means of suitable analogue and digital input/output interfaces. The operating conditions are highly influenced by the chemical reaction as well as by the fluid-dynamical behavior of the reactor. Several experiments were carried out to evaluate the kinetics of the model reaction. The fluid-dynamics was investigated by means of on-line experiments with and without chemical reaction. Based on the experimental results, a model was developed to describe the whole process so that model simulations should yield information on the process itself. With this model, strategies are tested before they are applied to the process computer for on-line process control.     

Some Observations on the Effect of Urea on the Dyeing Behaviour of Wool at Low Temperatures

The effect of adding urea to the dyebath on the rate of absorption of reactive and acid dyes by wool, and of acid dyes by other protein bres, has been studied. Possible modesof action of aqueous solutions of urea on wool are discussed. The observed increase in the ite of dyeing in the presence of urea is due to disaggregation of the dye in solution and reduction in dye-protein hydrophobic interactions. The action of urea in promoting fibre swelling is also likely to be a contributory factor.     

Modification of leather properties by grafting. I. Effect of monomer chain on the physico‐mechanical properties of grafted leather

Although leather has a number of desirable properties such as thermal stability and fire retardancey, in addition to high toughness, it has a few drawbacks such as weight, high water absorption, poor soil and rot resistance, and nonuniformity. If these defects are overcome, leather's usefulness would be further enhanced and its competitive position with respect to synthetics would increase. This study reports the physical and mechanical properties of buffalo leather after chemical graft copolymerization with ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The optimum conditions for grafting (e.g., monomer and initiator concentrations, temperature and time of grafting, and solvent leather ratio) were extensively investigated. The study achieved outstanding properties for buffalo leather in reduction of water uptake after grafting, especially on using 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate and butyl acrylate monomers. FT‐IR and solid ¹³C‐NMR for leather before and after grafting confirmed the grafting process.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1478–1483, 2003     

Oxidative thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) compositions

“Pure” poly(vinyl chloride) resin and four compositions containing poly(vinyl chloride) were subjected to oxidative thermal degradation in air at &400°C both in a quiescent and a flow system. The volatiles formed were identified and quantitatively determined on a gram-per-gram basis. Hydrogen chloride was the main product found. The nature and relative concentration of the produced organic chlorinated species appeared to be dependent not only on the poly(vinyl chloride) constituent but also on the other ingredients. All the compositions contained phthalate ester plasticizers. In the dynamic system, these distilled largely unchanged, whereas under static conditions transformation into phthalic anhydride occurred.