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991.
Zofia Lisiewska Piotr Gębczyński Waldemar Kmiecik 《European Food Research and Technology》2007,226(1-2):25-31
The investigation included kale, New Zealand spinach and spinach. The evaluation covered the raw material; the raw material
after blanching; the raw material after cooking; and frozen products prepared for consumption after 0, 4, 8 and 12 months
of refrigerated storage. Both the traditional method of freezing (blanching before freezing) and the modified method of freezing
(cooked before freezing) were used in the experiment, as well as two storage temperatures, T = −20 °C and T = −30 °C. The content of chlorophylls in fresh kale was four times that in New Zealand spinach and 1.5 times that in spinach.
With the exception of New Zealand spinach, blanching and cooking significantly reduced the content of chlorophylls. In kale
products prepared for consumption, the content of chlorophylls decreased in each successive stage of the investigation. In
products of New Zealand spinach and spinach, the losses were usually not significant. After 12 months of refrigerated storage,
frozen kale products prepared for consumption retained 52–65% of total chlorophylls compared with the content in the raw material;
products of New Zealand spinach and spinach retained 66–71%. In kale and New Zealand spinach, the content of chlorophyll a
decreased more rapidly than that of chlorophyll b, while in spinach the converse was true. The kale products obtained using
the modified method contained more chlorophylls, while in the two spinach species their content was lower. The lower storage
temperature resulted in a higher retention of chlorophylls in vegetables. 相似文献
992.
The aim of this study was to compare the work efficiency of three types of knives mounted successively on a knife roll of a cutter by evaluating the quality and structure of produced finely comminuted batters as well as power consumption and electric energy consumption during chopping. Experimental material comprised finely comminuted meat batters produced under commercial scale production conditions using smooth knives, knives with riffles and knives with holes. Parameters measured in batter included temperature, water, fat, free water, apparent viscosity, thermal drip and batter structure using computer image analysis. 相似文献
993.
Measurements of the surface tension of aqueous solution of mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDDS) with methanol and ethanol
in SDDS concentration range from 10−5 to 10−2 M and mixtures of sodium hexadecyl sulfonate (SHS) with methanol and ethanol at SHS concentration from 10−5 to 8 × 10−4 M and for methanol and ethanol from 0 to 21.1 and, 11.97 M, respectively, were carried out at 293 K. Moreover, the surface
tension of aqueous solution mixtures of SDDS with propanol in the concentration range from 0 to 6.67 M taken from the literature
was also considered. The results obtained indicate that it is possible to describe the relationship between the surface tension
and molar concentration or molar fraction of alcohol by Szyszkowski and Connors equations. However, the Fainerman and Miller
equation allows us to predict the isotherm of the surfactant tension at constant anionic surfactants concentration at which
their molecules are present in the solution in the monomeric form if the molar area of surfactants and alcohols can be determined.
Based on the surface tension isotherms, the Gibbs surface excess of anionic surfactants and alcohols concentration at water–air
interface was determined and then recalculated for Guggenheim-Adam surface excess concentration of these substrates, and next
the molar fraction of alcohols and surfactants in the surface layer was determined. These molar fractions were discussed with
regard to surfactant and alcohol standard free energy of adsorption at the water–air interface determined from Langmuir and
Aronson and Rosen equations. The standard free energy of adsorption determined in these ways was compared to that deduced
on the basis of pC20 and Lifshitz van der Waals-components of the anionic surfactant and alcohol tails. 相似文献
994.
995.
A. Kaminska J. CybińskaYa. Zhydachevskii P. SybilskiG. Meyer A. Suchocki 《Journal of Alloys and Compounds》2011,509(30):7993-7997
Studies of the absorption and temperature dependence of photoluminescence spectra and luminescence decay times of the intra-shell f-f transitions (2F5/2 ↔ 2F7/2) of Yb3+ ions in K2LaCl5:Yb3+ powders with 5, 10, 15 and 25% of ytterbium are presented. The spectroscopic properties of the powders with different ytterbium content are compared. Experiments were performed at the temperatures from 25 to 300 K. The strong emission around 982 nm has been observed under direct excitation of the luminescence center with 960 nm line of continuous wave Ti:sapphire laser pumped by Ar-ion laser. The temperature quenching effect of the luminescence was rather week, especially in the samples with higher concentration of ytterbium (15 and 25%). Additionally the probability of the f-f radiative transitions of the Yb3+ ions in these powders was almost temperature independent for more heavily doped samples (with 15 and 25% of Yb) and only weakly temperature dependent for less doped samples (with 5 and 10% of Yb). These results reveal high thermal stability of the optical properties of the examined powders. 相似文献
996.
ABSTRACT Moisture sorption isotherms of okara soy milk were determined using the gravimetric method in the range 20 - 50 °C. The sorption isotherms exhibited hysteresis along all the water activity range (0·1 - 0·9). The amount of sorbed water increased as the temperature was decreased. The GAB and Halsey models gave a good fit for okara isotherms over the range of water activity 0·1 - 0·9. As temperature increased, GAB k-values increased towards unity where the GAB equation reduces to the BET equation. The influence of temperature on the constants of GAB and Halsey models was evaluated through Arrhenius-type equations. The Clausius Clapeyron equation was used to estimate the isosteric heats of sorption. 相似文献
997.
Agnieszka Ciurzyńska Dariusz Piotrowski Andrzej Lenart Piotr Łukasik 《Drying Technology》2013,31(8):850-858
This work demonstrates the influence of changes in parameters of vacuum drying (temperature and pressure) on the sorption properties of dried strawberries. Fruits were dried at 50 and 70°C under pressures of 4 and 16 kPa. Vacuum drying was also conducted during the first 4 h at 70°C and then the temperature was decreased to 50°C at a pressure of 4 kPa. The other combination included increasing the pressure after the first 4 h from 4 to 16 kPa at a drying temperature of 70°C. Sorption isotherms were determined in the dried strawberries. It was shown that with increasing drying temperatures, there was a notable deterioration in the capacity for absorbing water vapor by the vacuum-dried fruit. On the other hand, the pressure at which vacuum drying proceeded did not significantly affect water vapor absorption. Changing the parameters of vacuum drying—that is, temperature in the range of 50–70°C and pressure in the range of 4–16 kPa—affected the shape and structure of the resultant dried strawberries. The combination of vacuum drying with convective drying also influenced the shape and structure of the dried fruit. 相似文献
998.
Adsorption and desorption isotherms of pine, spruce, birch, and willow Salix viminalis v. Orm (2-year stem) under three temperature conditions (20, 50, 75°C) in the range of water activity 0.0–0.9 were studied. In order to describe our experimental data, five models were implemented (GAB, Peleg, Chung-Pfost, Oswin, Halsey) and compared. It was found that GAB and Peleg models provide the best fit to the experimental data. On the basis of GAB modeling, the monolayer moisture content for each kind of wood was calculated. Moreover, the hysteresis phenomenon was investigated. The influence of temperature and wood variety on sorption isotherms was also tested. 相似文献
999.
Giuliano Carchini Neyvis Almora-Barrios Guillem Revilla-López Luca Bellarosa Rodrigo García-Muelas Max García-Melchor Sergey Pogodin Piotr Błoński Núria López 《Topics in Catalysis》2013,56(13-14):1262-1272
Theoretical simulations in the field of heterogeneous catalysis started about two decades ago when the main goal was to understand the activation of small molecules on infinite surfaces. The improvements in the accuracy and the large availability of computers with increasing power have raised the quality of the calculations, the reliability of the results and prompted the interest in their predictions. Such changes have also allowed the study of nanoparticles by the combined investigation of different facets or by taking into account the complete structures. As for the reactivity, theoretical simulations allow the comparison of different synthetic conditions within the same approximation. Consequently, large systematic studies with the same theoretical models can provide databases for properties, structures, prove and disprove hypothetical reaction paths, identify intermediates, and complete the understanding of reaction mechanisms. In some cases, simulations support and give explanations to experiments but new emerging aspects such as the prediction of new properties or the analysis of complex systems are possible. Several challenges are ahead the simulations of reactions on nanoparticles: (i) how to drive the synthesis to achieve the desired architectures and (ii) how to stabilize the active phase under reaction conditions. 相似文献
1000.
Kinga Łuczka Barbara Grzmil Joanna Sreńscek-Nazzal Krzysztof Kowalczyk 《Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry》2013,19(3):1000-1007
Aluminium ammonium calcium phosphates were prepared with the use of AlCl3, CaCO3, H3PO4. The influence of the process parameters (pH 5 ± 3, the molar ratios of Ca2+:Al+3:PO4?3 in the substrates, respectively 0.31:0.62:1; 0.5:0.5:1; 0.72:0.36:1, temperature 40 ± 20 °C) on the phase composition and the product properties was determined. The process parameters that enable to obtain the material with expected physicochemical properties were determined based on the statistical evaluation of the experiments (fractional factorial design at three levels 3(k?p)27). The phase composition of the obtained samples was studied with the use of XRD analysis. The specific surface area was calculated with the use of SBET method and the particle size was determined by the laser scanning microscopy. The materials with the molar ratio of Al3+/NH4+ and Al3+/Ca2+ in the range of 0.70–27.93 and 0.47–24.48, respectively, with an absorption oil number of 95–157 g/100 g paraffin oil, the SBET within 25–118 m2/g, the pore volume within 0.14–0.74 cm3/g and the particle size in the range of 168–285 nm were obtained. 相似文献