甘薯渣发酵乙醇的工艺研究

研究了甘薯渣同步糖化发酵乙醇的最佳工艺条件,考察了不同酵母接种量、水料比、发酵时间和 pH 对甘薯渣发酵乙醇的影响。通过单因素、正交试验,最终确定同步糖化发酵乙醇的最佳条件为：接种量1.4%,水料比25：1,发酵时间108h,pH 5.5。在此条件下乙醇得率为34.78%,糖利用率为73.76%。     

Assessment of availability and characteristics of Greywater in Amman

Abstract:

The problem of water scarcity in Jordan has resulted in enormous pressures on the already limited renewable water sources. As a result, reuse of water is becoming an essential component of the water management trends being adopted. This study aims at evaluating the potential of greywater availability and the various components constituting sources of greywater generated in Amman, at investigating the different water quality parameters of the greywater in order to assess its reuse potential, and at gauging the public acceptance of greywater reuse for different applications. A survey was designed and administered in 38 areas of Amman. The survey covered a total of 233 houses and 1,514 people. Fifteen greywater samples, distributed equally, were collected and analyzed from showers, laundries, and sinks in some of these houses to determine their water quality parameters. The study concluded that per capita water consumption in Amman ranged between 51 and 115 liters per day, with an average of 84 liters per day. The quantities of greywater generated in Amman ranged from 39 to 80 Lpcd, with an average of 59 Lpcd, which constitute 70 percent of the total water consumption. Laundry, shower, and sink effluents comprised 16, 34, and 50 percent of greywater sources, respectively. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses of the grab samples revealed that greywater contains significant levels of suspended solids, inorganic constituents, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands, total Coliforms and Fecal Coliform bacteria. The public acceptance survey revealed that 21.6 to 67.6 percent of the public accepted the reuse of greywater for vegetable growing, irrigation of fruit trees, car washing, toilet flushing, or home laundry. Additionally, 2.0 to 91.8 percent of the public opposed greywater reuse due to cost, health hazards, groundwater pollution, or environmental impacts.     

Relating graph and term rewriting via Böhm models

Dealing properly with sharing is important for expressing some of the common compiler optimizations as source-to-source transformations, such as common subexpressions elimination, lifting of free expressions and removal of invariants from a loop. Term graph rewriting is a computational model to accommodate these concerns. In this paper we are interested in defining a term model for term graph rewriting systems, which allows us to prove total correctness of those optimizations. We introduce the notion of Böhm tree, and show that for orthogonal term graph rewriting systems, Böhm tree equivalence defines a congruence. Total correctness then follows in a straightforward way from showing that if a programM contains less sharing than a programN, then bothM andN have the same Böhm tree. Using Böhm trees we also show that orthogonal term graph rewriting systems are a correct implementation of orthogonal term rewriting systems. This boils down to showing that the behavior of a term graph can be deduced from its finite approximations, that is, graph rewriting is a continuous operation. Our approach differs from that of other researchers which is based on infinite rewriting.     

金属管道防腐蚀设计

金属管道防腐设计是化工设计过程中必不可少的环节。文章介绍了在化工工程设计过程中金属管道防腐蚀设计的相关内容及其工程应用。     

Microfluidic applications of functionalized magnetic particles for environmental analysis: focus on waterborne pathogen detection

The continuous surveillance of drinking water is extremely important to provide early warning of contamination and to ensure continuous supplies of healthy drinking water. Isolation and detection of a particular type of pathogen present at low concentration in a large volume of water, concentrating the analyte in a small detection volume, and removing detection inhibiting factors from the concentrated sample, present the three most important challenges for water quality monitoring laboratories. Combining advanced biological detection methods (e.g., nucleic acid-based or immunology-based protocols) with microfluidics and immunomagnetic separation techniques that exploit functionalized magnetic particles has tremendous potential for realization of an integrated system for pathogen detection, in particular, of waterborne pathogens. Taking advantage of the unique properties of magnetic particles, faster, more sensitive, and more economical diagnostic assays can be developed that can assist in the battle against microbial pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight current technologies and methods used for realization of magnetic particle-based microfluidic integrated waterborne pathogen isolation and detection systems, which have the potential to comply in future with regulatory water quality monitoring requirements.     

Numerical approach for nanofluid transportation due to electric force in a porous enclosure

Microsystem Technologies - In current attempt, nanoparticle Electrohydrodynamic transportation has been modeled numerically via control volume based finite element method. Mixture of Fe3O4 and...     

From Syntactic Theories to Interpreters: Automating the Proof of Unique Decomposition

Developing syntactic theories for reasoning about programming languages usually involves proving a unique-decomposition lemma. The proof of such a lemma is tedious, error-prone, and is usually attempted many times during the design of a theory. We therefore investigate the automation of such proofs.We map the unique-decomposition lemma to the problems of checking equivalence and ambiguity of syntactic definitions. Because checking these properties of context-free grammars is undecidable, we work with regular tree grammars and use algorithms on finite tree automata to perform the checking. To make up for the insufficient expressiveness of regular tree grammars, we extend the basic framework with built-in types and constants, contexts, and polymorphic types.Our implementation extends an earlier system by Xiao et al. [16] that translates semantic specifications expressed as syntactic theories to interpreters. We have successfully used the combined system to generate interpreters and verify the unique-decomposition lemma for a number of examples.     

Indicators of biofilm development and activity in constructed wetlands microcosms

Methods to measure protein, exopolysaccharide, viable cell number and INT reduction activity were tested on biofilm growing in a wastewater batch reactor. They were shown to be meaningful indicators of biofilm growth and correlated well with each other. Protein, exopolysaccharide, viable cells and INT reduction rates increased linearly over time. Viable cell number exhibited strong linear correlations with protein (R2= 0.98) and exopolysaccharide (R2= 0.99) while INT reduction rate was somewhat less well correlated (R2= 0.90). Our results indicate production rates of 0.91 x 10(-7) microg EPS per viable cell and 1.0 x 10(-7) microg protein per viable cell. Protein and polysaccharide specific INT reduction rates decreased by approximately 50%, whereas viable cell specific INT reduction rates decreased by 65% and the protein to polysaccharide ratio stayed relatively constant at between 1.1 and 1.2 as the biofilm developed. Measurement of protein, polysaccharide, viable cells and INT reduction rate at depth within the bioreactor showed that they were concentrated in the top 1cm of the influent end of the reactor and each decreased to a base level within 4.5 cm of the inlet. Protein to polysaccharide ratios increased with depth in the reactor and the specific INT reduction rates were maximal at 4.5 cm depth. The results indicate that the biomass can take upwards of 100 days to stabilize during batch (fill and draw) operation of subsurface wetlands and that the relative ratios of biomass components remain relatively constant during biofilm growth. Also, it appears that filtration of suspended solids results in biomass concentration at the inlet to the wetland.     

Colour,contrast and gestalt theories of perception: The impact in contemporary visual communications design

Visual communications design, which generally relates to design projects with specific communication objectives, includes most forms of graphic and digital design that have a commercial or an educational purpose. The effectiveness of such design projects rests on how well the embedded communications objectives are met from the perspective of the target audience. In advertising as in education, various post‐campaign evaluation techniques are used to measure effectiveness. The challenge for designers is to create designs that are aesthetically appropriate and visually engaging for the target audience, but which are also functionally‐legible and support the encoding of communication messages so that these are effectively decoded as intended. This is particularly important given that the effectiveness of visual communications is not guaranteed in the visually‐cluttered environment of the 21st century. Of the design elements available to the designer of visual communications, colour and contrast play key roles in visual perception, and the strategic use of these can contribute to the effectiveness of visual communications design. Examining the roles that colour and contrast within the context of Gestalt theories of perception provides additional insight into the ways in which these design elements can be harnessed to improve the effectiveness of visual communications design. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 85–92, 2015